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2012-11-08 ¿ÀÀü 10:53 ÀÛ¼º

 

 

 

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ÀÌ·± ÁÖÁ¦´Â »ç½Ç ´Ù·ç±â¿¡ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¹Ì¹¦ÇÏ´Ù. ±× ù¹ø° ÀÌÀ¯´Â »çÀüÀûÀÎ °Í°ú »çÈÄÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÇ Â÷ÀÌ´Â ¸Å¿ì Å©´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. Nokia, SonyÀÇ ¸ô¶ô°ú Apple, SamsungÀÇ ºÎ»óÀ¸·Î ¿ä¾àµÇ´Â ±× Çö»óÀ» ´©±º°¡°¡ <¼³µæ·ÂÀÖ°Ô ¿¹ÃøÇß´Ù¸é> ¿À´ÃÀÇ Æǵµ´Â ÀüÇô ´Þ¶óÁ³À» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿À´ÃÀÇ °æÁ¦Æò·Ð°¡ÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ÀüºÎ°¡ °íÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ½Ã°¢À» °¡Áö°í ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¹Ù¶óº¸°í ÀÖ´Ù--Nokia¿Í Sony´Â ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø¾ú´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¶Á÷¹®È­ºÎÅÍ °ø·æ(Áö¹èÀÚ)ÀÇ ¿øõÀûÀÎ ÇÑ°è, »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀÇ Æ¯¼º, ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÇ º¯È­ µî ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼³¸íµéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ¼³¸íµéÀº <Æ®·»µå¸¦ À߸ø ÀÐÀº> °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ºñÆÇÀ¸·Î¼­´Â ºÎÀûÇÕÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº <À߸øµÈ ´ëÀÀ>¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁúÃ¥À¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î¾ß ¸¶¶¥ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ¿©±â¼­ ³ª´Â ÀÌ·± Áú¹®À» Çغ»´Ù. Æ®·»µå°¡ <Æ®·»µå>°¡ µÇ´Â ½ÃÁ¡Àº ´ëü ¾ðÁ¦Àΰ¡?

³» Áú¹®°ú ÁÖÀåÀÇ ¿äÁö´Â, Æ®·»µå°¡ º¯È­ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀÌ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø ´ÙÀ½¿¡µµ ÃæºÐÇÑ ½Ã°£ÀÌ ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î?--CrownÀ» ȸº¹ÇÏÁö´Â ¸øÇصµ ÃÖ¼ÒÇÑ ¸ÁÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» °ÆÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â ÀÏÀº ¸·À» ¼ö ÀÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î? (¿©±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ý·Ðµµ ¹°·Ð ÀÖ´Ù. Winner-Takes-All Economy¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ³ª´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ½Ã°¢µµ À߸øµÈ °ÍÀ̶ó°í º»´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÐ·® ¶§¹®¿¡ ¿©±â¿¡¼­ ´õ ³íÀǸ¦ ÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù.) ¼ø½Ä°£¿¡ ¸ÁÇÏ´Â ½Ã´ë¶ó¼­ ¼ø½Ä°£¿¡ ¸ÁÇß´Ù´Â ¸»Àº Ʋ·È´Ù. ¸ÁÇÑ ÀÚµéÀº Àý´ë·Î ¼ø½Ä°£¿¡ ¸ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ±âȸ°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù.

Winner-Takes-All Economy¿¡ ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î µû¶ó¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ Preemptive Effect(¼±Á¡È¿°ú)¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °æ¿µÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¸íÈ÷ ±Ù°Å¿Í ½ÇÁõÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, »ç½Ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Àü·«Àº ´ë´ÜÈ÷ Á¦ÇÑÀûÀÎ Àǹ̸¦ °®´Â´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ±â¾÷°¡Á¤½ÅÀÇ À§´ëÇÑ ½ÇÇöÀ̶ó°í ¶°µé ¼öµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ·± °íÂø»óŸ¦ ±ú´Â °Í ¶ÇÇÑ ±â¾÷°¡Á¤½ÅÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¸¸¾à Preemptive Strategy°¡ Á¤¸»·Î ºÒ°¡Ä§ÀÇ Àü·«À̶ó¸é, ±× ±â¾÷Àº ¿µ¿øÈ÷ ¸ÁÇÒ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ Áø¼úÀº ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ °æ¿µÇÐÀû ¹ß°ß¿¡ ÀÇÇØ »ê»êÁ¶°¢ÀÌ ³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. °æÀïÀÚ´Â µ¿Á¾ ¾÷°è ¾È¿¡¸¸ ÀÖ´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â ±× ³î¶ó¿î ¹ß°ß ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¡¼­ <Æ®·»µå>¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ÇԺηΠ½á¼­´Â ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ºñÁî´Ï½ºÀÇ ¾î´À »ê¾÷ÀÇ Â÷¿øÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦´Â ±â¾÷»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¸ðµç Á¶Á÷°ú °³ÀÎÀÌ ½Ã¾ß¸¦ ³ÐÈ÷´Â °Ô ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. 90³â´ë¿¡ Mega-Trend¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ ³ª¿Ô¾ú´Âµ¥, ÀÌÁ¦ ±×·± ¸»Àº ´õ ÀÌ»ó Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô ´Ù·ç¾îÁöÁö ¾Ê´Â °Í °°´Ù. ±× ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ Trend ÀÚü°¡ ³Ê¹« Ä¿Á®¹ö·È±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¡µµ Æ®·»µåÀÇ Ä³Äªº¸´Ù ¸®¾×¼ÇÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ÁöÁöÇØÁØ´Ù. ÇѸ¶µð·Î Æ®·»µåÀÇ ÁֱⰡ °¥¼ö·Ï ª¾ÆÁö°í Àִµ¥, ±×°É ¿¹ÃøÇÏ·Á°í ¾Ö¾²´Â °Íº¸´Ù ¹ÎøÇÏ°Ô ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â °Ô ´õ È¿°úÀûÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Lindkvist´Â Á¤¹Ý´ë·Î ³Ê¹« ´À¸° º¯È­¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â ´À¸° º¯È­¶ó´Â Ç¥Çöº¸´Ù ¼ûÀº º¯È­¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í ½Í´Ù--¹°·Ð ´À¸° º¯È­°¡ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù.

³ª´Â Áö±Ý±îÁö Æ®·»µåÀÇ Àνĺ¸´Ù ´ëÀÀÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù, ±×¸®°í Æ®·»µå ÀÚüÀÇ ÁֱⰡ ª¾ÆÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇß´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ º¸Åë »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ÁüÀÛ°ú´Â ´Þ¸®, ³ª´Â ±×·¯¹Ç·Î Æ®·»µåÀÇ ÀνĹæ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ½Í´Ù. ³»°¡ À̺йýÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀ» ¸Å¿ì ½È¾îÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̶õ °ÍÀ» ¾È´Ù¸é ÈξÀ ÀÌÇØ°¡ ÆíÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, Æ®·»µåÀÇ Àνİú ´ëÀÀÀº »ç½Ç ºÐ¸®µÇ¸é ¾È µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

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2012-11-12 ¿ÀÀü 10:44 (¾Æ·¡)

 

ÁÖ¸» µ¿¾È Lindkvistµµ Àаí, ´Ù¸¥ Âü°íÀÚ·áµµ º¸¾Ò´Ù. ¿ÃÇØ´Â Thomas S. KuhnÀÇ <The Structure of Scientific Revolutions>(1962)°¡ ³ª¿ÂÁö 50ÁÖ³âÀÌ µÇ´Â ÇØÀÌ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â Æз¯´ÙÀÓ(Paradigm)À̶ó´Â ¸»À» ¸¸µç ¹Ù·Î ±× »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù. °úÇй߰ßÀÇ ¼¼°è¿¡¼­ 50³â µ¿¾È °è¼ÓµÇ´Â ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ¾ß ÈçÇϵð ÈçÇÏ°ÚÁö¸¸, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÀνķÐ(Epistemology)ÀÇ Çϳª¶ó´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ Ưº°È÷ ³î¶ø´Ù. Àû¾îµµ Trend¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ³íÀǸ¦ ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̶ó¸é KuhnÀÇ Paradigm Shift¿¡ °üÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. KuhnÀÇ Ã¥ 3ÆÇ(3rd edition, 1996, The University of Chicago Press)µµ ÀÖ°í, <Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery>(Thomas S. Kuhn, <Science>, New Series, Vol. 136, No. 3518 (Jun. 1, 1962), pp. 760-764, Published by: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1708511)µµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, ÀÌ ¸®ºä¿¡¼­´Â ´Ù¸¥ °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ ¼­¼úÀ» ¼Ò°³Çϱâ·Î ÇÑ´Ù.

 

http://book.interpark.com/product/BookDisplay.do?_method=detail&sc.shopNo=0000400000&sc.prdNo=204069529&bookblockname=b_sch&booklinkname=bprd_title

 

Arthur M. SilversteinÀÇ <A History of Immunology>(2nd ed., 2009)--¸é¿ªÇÐÀÇ ¿ª»ç--¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ForewordÀÌ´Ù.

 

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ÀÌ°ÍÀº Ã¥ÀÇ ¸Ç óÀ½¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â Àο뱸Àý

...I fancy you as coming to the acquisition of the myriad facts of medicine with little to tell you of the intellectual forces and historical sequences by which these facts have emerged.
Christian A. Herter
Imagination and Idealism in Medicine (J. Am. Med. Assoc. 54:423, 1910)

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Foreword: On history and historians

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History is not the study of origins; rather it is the analysis of all the mediations by which the past was turned into our present.
- H. Butterfield

¿ª»ç´Â ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ±â¿ø(origins)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù; ¿ª»ç´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °ú°Å°¡ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÇöÀç·Î ¹Ù²î°Ô µÈ <¸ðµç> »ý°¢µé¿¡ °üÇÑ ºÐ¼®ÀÌ´Ù. (H. Butterfield)

 


The working scientist who entertains the notion of writing a history of his discipline must do so with diffidence and no little trepidation. While he may know more of the facts and scientific interrelationships within his specialty than does the professional historian, nothing in his training or experience has prepared him to deal in the special currencies so familiar to the historian in general, and to the historian of science in particular. If he is to write more than a mere encyclopedia of names, dates, places, and facts – an unappealing venture – then he must deal with such unfamiliar concepts as the sociology and epistemology of science, cultural relativism, etc. Such recondite ideas rarely enter into the formal training of the biomedical scientist, and never into his scientific practice. Indeed, if he considers such concepts at all, it is probably with suspicion and perhaps disdain, relegating them to that special limbo which he maintains for the "impure" social sciences, firm in the conviction that his is a dependably precise "pure" science.

Àڱ⠺оßÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ¾²°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â »ý°¢À» Ç°Àº ÇöÁ÷ÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ´Â Á¶½É½º·´°Ô ±×·¯³ª ÃßÈ£ÀÇ È¥¶õ¾øÀÌ ±× ÀÓ¹«¸¦ ¼öÇàÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚ°¡ ±×ÀÇ Àü°ø ºÐ¾ß ³»¿¡¼­ »ç½Çµé°ú °úÇÐÀû »óÈ£°ü°è¿¡ ´ëÇØ Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ ¿ª»ç°¡(¿ª»çÀú¼ú°¡)º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ¾È´Ù°í Çصµ, °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ ¼ö·ÃÀ̳ª °æÇè °¡¿îµ¥ ¾î¶² °Íµµ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿ª»ç°¡¿¡°Ô ±×¸®°í Ưº°È÷´Â °úÇл簡¿¡°Ô Àͼ÷ÇÑ Æ¯¼öÇÑ Ç¥Çö¼ö´ÜÀ» ´Ù·çµµ·Ï ÁغñÇØÁÖÁö(µµ¿ÍÁÖÁö) ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¸¸ÀÏ °úÇÐÀÚ°¡ À̸§, ³¯Â¥, Àå¼Ò¿Í »ç½ÇÀÇ ¼ø¼öÇÑ ¹é°ú»çÀü--ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¸Å·ÂÀÌ ¾ø´Â ½ÃµµÀÌ´Ù-- ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀ» ¾µ ÀÛÁ¤À̶ó¸é, ±×´Â »çȸÇÐ, °úÇÐÀÇ ÀνķÐ, ¹®È­ »ó´ëÁÖÀÇ µîÀÇ Àͼ÷ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °³³äµéÀ» ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß¸¸ ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·± ³­ÇØÇÑ(¼ø¼ö °úÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â °ÅÀÇ ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº) »ý°¢µéÀº µå¹°°Ô´Â ÀÇ»ýÇÐ °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ °ø½ÄÀûÀÎ ÈƷðúÁ¤¿¡´Â Æ÷ÇԵDZ⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸, ÀÇ»ýÇÐ °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ °úÇÐÀû È°µ¿¿¡´Â ÀüÇô Æ÷ÇÔµÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Á¤¸»·Î, °úÇÐÀÚ°¡ ±×·± °³³äµéÀ» ÀÏ´Ü °í·ÁÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é, ±×°ÍÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ÀÇ½É °æ¿ì¿¡ µû¶ó¼­´Â °æ¸ê°¨À» Áö´Ñä, ±× °³³äµéÀ», "¼ø¼öÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ" »çȸ°úÇп¡ ºñÇؼ­ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °úÇÐÀº ¹ÏÀ»¸¸ÇÑ Á¤¹ÐÇÑ "¼ø¼ö" °úÇÐÀ̶ó´Â °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ È®½ÅÀ» ±»¼¼°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â, Ư¼öÇÑ Áß°£Áö´ë(limbo)¿¡ ¸Ã±â°Ô µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

But this is not the most serious challenge to the practicing scientist-turned-historian. Assuming that he has overcome the typical scientist's feeling that Santayana's maxim "Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it" applies only to politicians, diplomats, and economists, he has a yet more difficult preparatory task before him. This involves nothing less than a re-examination and perhaps rejection of some of his most cherished beliefs – beliefs rarely stated explicitly, but so implicit in all of the scientist's training and education and so permeating his environment as to have become almost the unwritten rules of the game.

±×·¯³ª ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ È°µ¿ÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¿Å°Ü¿Â ¿ª»ç°¡¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁö´Â °¡Àå ½É°¢ÇÑ µµÀüÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. °úÇÐÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¿Å°Ü¿Â ¿ª»ç°¡°¡, "°ú°Å¸¦ ¸Á°¢ÇÏ´Â ÀÚµéÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã °ú°Å¸¦ ¹Ýº¹ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù"´Â SantayanaÀÇ ±Ý¾ðÀ» ¿À·ÎÁö Á¤Ä¡Àεé, ¿Ü±³°üµé, ±×¸®°í °æÁ¦ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô¸¸ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â ÀüÇüÀûÀÎ °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀ» ±Øº¹Çß´Ù°í °¡Á¤ÇغÁµµ, ±×´Â ¿©ÀüÈ÷ ±× ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÎ ÈξÀ ´õ ¾î·Æ°Ô ¿¹ºñµÈ °úÁ¦¸¦ ³²°ÜµÎ°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °úÁ¦´Â ±×°¡ °¡Àå ¼ÒÁßÇÏ°Ô Áö³à¿Â ¹ÏÀ½µé--´ë¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î °øÇ¥µÈ ¹ÏÀ½µéÀº µå¹°°í, ¿ÀÈ÷·Á °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ ÈƷðú ±³À° ÀüºÎ¿¡ ¹«¾ðÀ¸·Î ³»Æ÷µÇ°í °úÇÐÀÚÀÇ ÁÖº¯¿¡ ³Î¸® ÆÛÁ®À־ °ÅÀÇ ºÒ¹®À²ÀÌ µÇ¾î¹ö¸° ¹ÏÀ½µé--ÀÇ ÀϺκÐÀ» Àû¾îµµ Àç°ËÅäÇÏ°í ¶§·Î´Â Æ÷±â(°ÅºÎ)ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.

 

The first of the beliefs to be re-examined is that of [the continuity of scientific development]. By this I mean that most mature scientists, and all students and members of the novitiate, tend to suppose that all that has gone before in a field was somehow aimed logically at providing the base for current work in that field. Thus, there is a general view that the history of a discipline involves an almost inexorable progression of facts and theories leading in a straight and unbroken line to our own present view of the workings of nature. (Historians refer to this as "Whig history,"(*ÁÖ1) and condemn its practice.) Put in other terms, the scientist is tempted to regard the development of his science in much the same way that most of us seem to regard the origin of species – as a sort of melioristic evolution, following a preordained path toward the acme of perfection and logical unity: in the one case man, and in the other our present science.

±× ¹ÏÀ½µé °¡¿îµ¥ Àç°ËÅäµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ Ã¹¹ø°´Â [°úÇÐÀû ¹ßÀüÀÇ ¿¬¼Ó¼º]¿¡ °üÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÌ´Ù. ³»°¡ ¸»ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº, ¸¹Àº ¼÷·ÃµÈ °úÇÐÀÚµé ±×¸®°í ¸ðµç Çлýµé°ú ¼ö·ÃÀ» ¹Þ´Â ±¸¼º¿øµéÀº, ¾î´À ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ ¾Õ¼± ½Ã´ë¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¸ðµç ¾÷ÀûÀ» ±× ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ÇöÀçÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷¿¡ ±âÃʸ¦ Á¦°øÇϱâ À§ÇØ ¾î¶»°Ôµç ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¸ñÀûÇÑ °á°ú¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ¾î´À ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿ª»ç¶õ, ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÛµ¿¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ¿À´Ã ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¡Áø °ßÇØ¿¡ ´ÜÀý¾ø´Â °ðÀº Á÷¼±ÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÀ̾îÁö´Â, »ç½Çµé°ú À̷еéÀÇ °ÅÀÇ ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ Áøº¸¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â °ÍÀ̶ó´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °ßÇØ°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀ» ¿ª»ç°¡µéÀº Whig history(*ÁÖ1)¶ó ºÎ¸£¸ç, ±×·± ¹æ½ÄÀ» ²¨¸°´Ù.) ´Ù¸¥ ¸»·ÎÇϸé, °úÇÐÀÚ´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø--ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ <°³·®ÁÖÀÇÀû ÁøÈ­>·Î¼­, ¿Ïº®ÇÔ°ú ³í¸®Àû ÅëÀÏÀÇ ÀýÁ¤À» ÇâÇؼ­ <¹Ì¸® Á¤ÇØÁø ±æ>À» µû¸¥´Ù°í »ý°¢Çϸç, ÇϳªÀÇ ¿¹´Â ÀηùÀÇ ÁøÈ­À̸ç, ´Ù¸¥ ¿¹´Â ¿À´Ã³¯ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ´Ù--À» ¹Ù¶óº¸´Â °Í°ú ¸¹ÀÌ À¯»çÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ °úÇÐÀÇ ¹ßÀüÀ» ¹Ù¶óº¸µµ·Ï À̲ø¾îÁö°í ÀÖ´Ù.

(*ÁÖ1) Butterfield, H., The Whig Interpretation of History, New York, W.W. Norton, 1965.

 

But this is not really surprising, when we consider how most science is practiced and reported, and especially how scientists are trained. In the first instance, the scientist chooses a problem to work on that could scarcely be justified as other than the next logical step in the progress of his discipline – i.e., the next obvious question to be asked and problem to be solved. Then, having successfully seen the research to its conclusion, he submits the work to the scientific literature (the unsuccessful excursions generally going unreported). Now, for a variety of reasons, including ego, space limitations, and the implicit cultural view of how science ought to function, our author prepares his manuscript so that not only is the work presented as internally logical and the result of an ordered sequence from start to finish, but the background introduction and its supporting references from past literature are also carefully chosen to demonstrate that(**) this work was eminently justified in its choice, and in fact was the next obvious step forward in a well-ordered history. Each communication in the scientific literature thus contributes modestly and subtly, but cumulatively, to a revision of the reader's understanding of the history of his discipline.(*ÁÖ2)

±×·¯³ª ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °úÇÐÀÌ ¼öÇàµÇ°í ¾Ë·ÁÁö´Â ¹æ½Ä, ƯÈ÷ °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ÈƷõǴ ¹æ½ÄÀ» »ý°¢Çϸé ÀÌ°ÍÀº Á¤¸»·Î ³î¶ó¿î °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ñ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ù¹ø° ´Ü°è¿¡¼­ °úÇÐÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ÀÇ ³í¸®ÀûÀÎ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ Áøº¸°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó°í´Â Á»Ã³·³ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̱⠾î·Á¿î(ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÇÐÀû °üÁ¡À» ³í¸®ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â) ¹®Á¦, À̸¦Å׸é (¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ) ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ ºÐ¸íÇÑ Áú¹®°ú ÇØ°áÇؾßÇÒ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ¿¬±¸´ë»óÀ¸·Î °í¸¥´Ù. ±×¸®°í ³ª¼­´Â, ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸°¡ <°á·Ð>¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϴµ¥ <¼º°ø>ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» º¸°í, °úÇÐÀÚ´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿¬±¸¸¦ °úÇÐ Àú³Î(scientific literature)¿¡ Á¦ÃâÇÑ´Ù(ºø³ª°¡¼­ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ ³»¿ëµéÀº º¸Åë ¾Ë¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù). ÀÚÁ¸½É, Áö¸éÀÇ Á¦¾à, ±×¸®°í °úÇÐÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾Ï¹¬ÀûÀΠƯ¼öÇÑ(cultural) °üÁ¡À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ ¶§¹®¿¡, ÀÌÁ¦ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ´Â ±×ÀÇ ¿ø°í°¡ ³»ÀûÀÎ ³í¸®¸¦ °®Ãá ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌÀÚ Ã³À½ºÎÅÍ ³¡±îÁö Áú¼­ÀÖ´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀÇ °á°úÀÏ»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹è°æ(±Ù°£)ÀÇ ¼Ò°³¿Í °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹ßÇ¥·ÎºÎÅÍ ±×°ÍÀ» ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â ÂüÁ¶µé(references)À» ÁÖÀDZí°Ô °ñ¶ó¼­ ±×·ÎÀÎÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛ¾÷ÀÌ ÇöÀúÇÏ°Ô Á¤´çÈ­µÇ¸ç »ç½Ç»ó Àß Â¥¿©Áø ¿ª»çÀÇ ¸í¹éÇÑ ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü°èÀÇ ÁøÀüÀÓÀ» Áõ¸íÇÏ°Ô²û ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¿ø°í¸¦ ÁغñÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸°ÔÇؼ­ °úÇÐ Àú³Î¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â ¸ðµç ÀÇ°ß±³È¯Àº Á¶½É½º·´°í Àº¿¬Áß¿¡ ±×·¯³ª ´©ÀûÀûÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ °üÇÑ µ¶ÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÌÇظ¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Âµ¥ ±â¿©ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.(*ÁÖ2)

(*ÁÖ2) Julius H. Comroe's essay "Tell it like it was" speaks well to this point: Comroe, J.H., Retrospectoscope: Insights into Medical Discovery, Menlo Park, Von Gehr, 1977,
pp. 89–98.

(**to demonstrate that ÀÌÇÏ µÎ ¹øÀÇ was´Â °¡Á¤¹ýÀ̱⠶§¹®¿¡ ÇöÀçÇü ´ë½Å ¾²¿´´Ù. ¹®¹ýÀûÀ¸·Î´Â were)

 

There is, however, a far greater force in science which operates to impose an order and continuity on its history, manifested not only by an influence on the types of problems deemed worthy of pursuit, but more importantly in the way in which young scientists are educated. There is in any scientific discipline, and there ought to be, a priesthood of the elite. These are the guardians of the scientific temple in which resides the current set of received wisdoms. These are the trend-setters and the arbiters of contemporary scientific values. They are also, not coincidently, the principal writers of textbooks and the most soughtafter lecturers, as well as the principal researchers in whose laboratories young people serve their scientific apprenticeships. They are, in brief, the strongest and most vocal adherents of what Thomas Kuhn, in his provocative book [The Structure of Scientific Revolution],(*ÁÖ3) has called "the current paradigm." In Kuhn's usage, a paradigm in any field is the current model system and the accepted body of theories, rules, and technics that guide the thinking and determine the problems within that field. Kuhn points out that when a change in paradigm occurs within a discipline (he insists that this is inevitably the result of an abrupt revolution), the textbooks must be rewritten to reflect the new wisdom. This invariably involves a revision in the interpretation of what went before, so that the new paradigm can be shown to be fully justified as a step forward in scientific progress, and worthy in all respects to command the attention of the current community of scholars. Since the object of a text is pedagogy, the facts many and the concepts complex, what went before must necessarily be winnowed, abstracted, and digested, in order to provide the student with what is required to follow in the illustrious footsteps of the current priests. Therefore, the modest history that is included in most texts, and the routine appeals to the idols and heroes of earlier times, are more often than not subconsciously slanted to help justify the current paradigm and its proponents; they serve to reinforce the impression of a uniform continuity of scientific development. Assuming that one is a reputable member of a current scientific community, and thus a subscriber to the current paradigm, the scientist-turned-historian must be especially on guard not to contribute also to a revisionist history of the field. One might then be rightly accused of presentism,(*ÁÖ4) the interpretation of yesterday's events in today's more modern terms and context.

±×·¯³ª °úÇÐÀÇ ¿ª»ç¿¡ Áú¼­¿Í ¿¬¼Ó¼ºÀ» ºÎ¿©Çϵµ·Ï ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â ´õ Å« ÈûÀº Ãß±¸ÇÒ¸¸ÇÑ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â ¹®Á¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâ·Â¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±×¸®°í ÈξÀ ´õ Áß¿äÇÏ°Ô´Â ÀþÀº °úÇÐÀÚµéÀÌ ±³À°µÇ´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡¼­ µå·¯³ª°Ô µÈ´Ù. °úÇÐÀÇ ¾î¶² ºÐ¾ß¿¡µµ ¿¤¸®Æ® Áý´ÜÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇϸç, ¶Ç ±×·¡¾ß ¸¶¶¥ÇÏ´Ù. À̵éÀº (°ú°Å¿¡¼­) Àü¼öµÇ¾î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÇÐ Áö½ÄÀÌ Á¸Àç, È°µ¿ÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀû »ç¿ø(temple)ÀÇ ¼öÈ£ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº µ¿½Ã´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀû °¡Ä¡µéÀÇ À¯ÇàÀ» ¼±µµÇϸç(trend-setter) µ¿Á¤(identification, discernment)À» Á¿ìÇÏ´Â(arbiter) »ç¶÷µéÀÌ´Ù. À̵éÀº ¶Ç, ²À ÀÏÄ¡ÇÏ´Â °Ç ¾Æ´ÏÁö¸¸, ±³°ú¼­ÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä ÀúÀÚÀÌ°í ´ëºÎºÐ ÀαâÀÖ´Â(sought-after) °­ÀÇÀÚÀ̸ç, µ¿½Ã¿¡ À̵éÀÇ ¿¬±¸½Ç¿¡¼­ ÀþÀºÀ̵éÀÌ °úÇÐÀû ¼ö·ÃÀ» ¹Þ°ÔµÇ´Â ÁÖ¿ä ¿¬±¸ÀÚ´Ù. °£´ÜÈ÷ ¸»Çؼ­, À̵éÀº Thomas KuhnÀÌ ±×ÀÇ µµ¹ßÀûÀΠå <°úÇÐÇõ¸íÀÇ ±¸Á¶>(*ÁÖ3)¿¡¼­ "ÇöÀçÀÇ Paradigm"À̶ó°í ºÒ·¶´ø °ÍÀÇ °¡Àå °­ÇÏ°í ½Ã²ô·¯¿î(vocal) ¿ËÈ£ÀÚµéÀÌ´Ù. KuhnÀÇ ¿ë¹ýÀ¸·Î´Â, ¾î´À ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ÀÇ ParadigmÀ̶õ ÇöÀçÀÇ model ü°èÀ̸ç ÇØ´ç ºÐ¾ß ³»¿¡¼­ »ý°¢À» ÁöµµÇÏ°í ¹®Á¦¸¦ °áÁ¤Áþ´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» Çϱâ À§ÇØ ¹Þ¾Æµé¿©Áø ÀÌ·Ð, ¹ýÄ¢, ±â¹ýµéÀ» ÅëƲ¾î À̸£´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. KuhnÀº ¾î¶² ºÐ¾ß¿¡¼­ Paradigm¿¡ º¯°æÀÌ ÀϾ¸é (±×´Â ±×·± º¯°æÀº ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î °©ÀÛ½º·± Çõ¸íÀÇ °á°úÀÏ ¼ö ¹Û¿¡ ¾ø´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù) »õ·Î¿î Áö½ÄÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±³°ú¼­(°úÇÐÀû ¼º°ú¸¦ Á¤¸®ÇÑ ¸ðµç °Í)Àº °íÃÄÁ®¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ÁöÀûÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¿¹¿Ü¾øÀÌ °ú°Å¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´ø °Í¿¡ °üÇÑ Çؼ®ÀÇ º¯°æÀ» °¡Á®¿À¸ç, ±× °á°ú·Î »õ·Î¿î ParadigmÀº °úÇÐÀû ¹ßÀü¿¡¼­ ÇÑ °ÉÀ½ ³ª¾Æ°£ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ Á¤´çÈ­µÇ°í ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´ÜÀÇ ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³¸¸Å­ Á¸°æ¹ÞÀ» °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁú ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ¼ö¸¹Àº °úÇÐÀû »ç½Çµé°ú º¹ÀâÇÑ °³³äµé·Î ±¸¼ºµÈ ÅؽºÆ®ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀº ±³À°À̱⠶§¹®¿¡, °ú°Å¿¡ ¼º°øÀûÀ̾ú´ø °ÍÀº ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±º°µÇ°í(winnowed) ¹ßÃéµÇ°í(abstracted) Á¤¸®µÇ¾î¼­ ÇöÀçÀÇ ¿¤¸®Æ® °úÇÐÀÚµé(priests)ÀÇ °ÉÃâÇÑ ¿¹¸¦ ÇлýµéÀÌ º»¹Þ´Âµ¥(follow in the footsteps) ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ» Á¦°øÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î, ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ÅؽºÆ®µé¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ Àû´çÇÑ ¿ª»ç¿Í ÀÌÀü ½Ã´ëÀÇ ¿ì»ó°ú ¿µ¿õµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÏ»óÀûÀÎ ¿øÁ¶¿äû(appeals)Àº Á¾Á¾ ÇöÀçÀÇ Paradigm°ú ±× ÁöÁöÀÚµéÀ» Á¤´çÈ­ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î µ½´Â °æÇâÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù; Áï, ÅؽºÆ®¿¡ ½Ç¸° ¿ª»ç¿Í ¿ì»ó°ú ¿µ¿õµé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿øÁ¶¿äûÀº °úÇÐÀû ¹ßÀüÀÌ ÅëÀÏµÈ ¿¬¼Ó¼º ¾Æ·¡¿¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù´Â ÀλóÀ» °­È­½ÃÅ°´Â ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¸Ã´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´©±º°¡°¡ ÇöÀçÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ Áý´ÜÀÇ ÆòÆÇÀÌ ÁÁÀº ÀÏ¿øÀÌ¸ç ±×¸®ÇÏ¿© ÇöÀçÀÇ ParadigmÀÇ ÁöÁöÀÚ¶ó°í »ý°¢Çغ¸¸é, °úÇÐÀÚ¿¡¼­ ¿Å°Ü¿Â ¿ª»ç°¡´Â ±× ºÐ¾ßÀÇ ¼öÁ¤ÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÌ ¸¸µå´Â ¿ª»ç¿¡ ÇÔ²² À̹ÙÁöÇÏÁö ¾Ê±â À§ÇØ Æ¯È÷ °æ°è¸¦ ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù. ±× ÆòÆÇÀÖ´Â °úÇÐÀÚ´Â, °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ÇöÀçÀÇ ÈξÀ ¹ßÀüµÈ(modern) ¿ë¾î¿Í ¸Æ¶ô ¾È¿¡¼­ Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÏ´Â Presentism(*ÁÖ4)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ´Â °Í¿¡ ´ëÇØ Á¤´çÇÏ°Ô ºñÆÇ¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

(*ÁÖ3) Kuhn, T., The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 2nd edn, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970.
(*ÁÖ4) See, for example, G.W. Stocking's editorial "On the limits of presentism and historicism ...," J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 1:211, 1965.

 

ÀÌÇÏ ¹ø¿ªÀº »ý·« ¶Ç´Â ¿¬±âÇϱâ·Î ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿µ¹®ÀÇ ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ÀÖ´Â Notes ÀÌÇÏ¿¡ ¸®ºä°¡ °è¼ÓµË´Ï´Ù.

 

The second of the beliefs that require re-examination – one also nurtured by our traditional system of scientific pedagogy – is that of [the logic of scientific development]. We have already seen that the investigator justifies the choice of a research problem (not only to scientific peers but also to the sources of financial support) by demonstrating its logic within the context of the accepted paradigm. This is, of course, eminently reasonable, since a paradigm lacking in inner logic (i.e., unable to define the nature of the problems to be asked within its context or to assimilate the results obtained) would scarcely merit support. But the existence of a logical order of development during the limited lifetime of a paradigm is often extended to imply an overall logical development of the entire scientific discipline. Moreover, the concept examined above of a smoothly continuous maturation of a science implies also that its progression has been logical – the step-by-step movement of fact and theory from A to B to C, as the Secrets of Nature are unfolded and Ultimate Truth is approached. Indeed, to accuse science of illogic in its development would, to many, imply the absence of a coherent unity underlying the object of science's quest – the description and understanding of the physical world.


And yet, there is so much that is discontinuous and illogical in the development of any science. On the level of the individual research activity, much attention is paid to the beauty and strength of that eminently logical process, the Inductive Scientific Method. The working scientist, however, who thinks about the course of his own research must wonder sometimes whether the description is apt. One of the few biologists who reflected aloud on this problem was Sir Peter Medawar, in his Jayne Lectures before the American Philosophical Society. Following the lead of philosopher Karl Popper,5 Medawar6 challenges the popular notion:


...Deductivism in mathematical literature and inductivism in scientific papers are simply the postures we choose to be seen in when the curtain goes up and the public sees us. The theatrical illusion is shattered if we ask what goes on behind the scenes. In real life discovery and justification are almost always different processes... [and later] Methodologists who have no personal experience of scientific research have been gravely handicapped by their failure to realize that nearly all scientific research leads nowhere – or if it does lead somewhere, then not in the direction it started off with. In retrospect, we tend to forget the errors, so that "The Scientific Method" appears very much more powerful than it really is, particularly when it is presented to the public in the terminology of breakthroughs, and to fellow scientists with the studied hypocrisy expected of a contribution to a learned journal. I reckon that for all the use it has been to science about four-fifths of my time has been wasted, and I believe this to be the common lot of people who are not merely playing follow-my-leader in research. [And finally]...science in its forward motion is not logically propelled. ...The process by which we come to formulate a hypothesis is not illogical, but nonlogical, i.e., outside logic. But once we have formed an opinion, we can expose it to criticism, usually by experimentation; this episode lies within and makes use of logic...


Even this last concession to the logic and continuity of the scientific method may overstate the case somewhat. But in any event, it certainly must be restricted in its application to the micro-environment of the normative science of a given time – that is, to a working hypothesis developed within the context of the accepted beliefs (paradigm) of the day. Within the macro-environment of a scientific discipline in transition, these rules often fail. Not only may bold new formulations be insusceptible of formal "proof" by logical application of the scientific method, but the bases for their acceptance or rejection by individual members of the community are generally anything but logical: witness, in chemistry, the transition from the phlogiston theory to Lavoisier's oxygen theory (Priestley went to his grave denying that oxygen was a separate entity); in optics, the transition from corpuscular to wave theory to an ineffable something in between; or in bacteriology, the century-long dispute between believers in spontaneous generation and those who claimed omnis organismus ex organismo (Pasteur carried the day less for the compelling logic of his experiments – most had been done before him – than by his reputation and forceful disputation). In the field of dynamics, also, it is difficult to subscribe to the idea that Newtonian theories represented a smoothly continuous development over Aristotelian dynamics, or that Einstein's theories emerged smoothly and logically from Newtonian requirements. Again, in immunology, the transitions represented by Pasteur in 1880, by the conflict between theories of cellular and humoral immunity in the 1890s, and by Burnet and the onset of the immunobiological revolution in the 1960s were hardly smooth evolutions, and perhaps not even logical progressions.

 

Many of the great advances in the sciences, whether arising from a new theoretical concept or from a discovery which redirects a discipline, are in fact quantum leaps – daring formulations or unexpected findings hardly anticipated or predictable within the context of the rules and traditions of the day. Kuhn makes the interesting suggestion that it is only when the normal state of affairs in a science becomes unsettled, when the accepted paradigm no longer provides satisfying explanations for new anomalies which perplex its theories, when, in fact, the paradigm may no longer even suggest the proper questions to be asked, that a crisis stage is reached, and the old paradigm is likely to be replaced – abruptly and discontinuously – by a new one. And often, the critical discovery or novel formulation is made by someone not committed to the old paradigm and to the old approaches and mind-set that it enforced – by the uncommitted young, or the unconfined outsider from another discipline. At such times, members of the "old guard" seem to view their science through lenses ground during the previous era. One is reminded of the hero in Voltaire's L'Inge¢¥nu who, brought up in feral innocence

 

...made rapid progress in the sciences. ...The cause of the rapid development of his mind was due to his savage education almost as much as to the quality of his intellect; for, having learned nothing in his infancy, he had not developed any prejudices. ...He saw things as they are...


Here again, the scientist-turned-historian must modify the customary approach to a discipline and consider the significance of the blind alleys of research, the premature discoveries, the mistaken interpretations, and the "erroneous" or supplanted theories of the past. Without these our history, while more concise, would lack some of those condiments that are so very important for its full flavor.


The final one of the cherished (but essentially implicit) beliefs of the scientist which requires re-examination concerns the impetus for scientific development. By this I mean those forces which act to determine not only the direction but also the velocity of scientific activity and discovery. Most scientists seem to feel that this impetus is inherent within their discipline – an imperative driving force that dictates at least the sequence, and perhaps even the rate of its development. Thus, the scientist is fond of the notion of the "idea (or experiment) whose time has come," and supports this with case-histories of simultaneous and independent discoveries. To a certain extent, of course, this concept is apt, especially within the context of the current paradigm, as we saw above. But even leaving aside those major discontinuous and unlogical advances already mentioned, we are still left with anomalous developments. How to explain, for instance, a "premature" discovery whose significance goes unrecognized at the time (Spallanzani's refutation of spontaneous generation in the eighteenth century; Mendel's genetics; the Koch phenomenon)?


More interesting yet are those extra-scientific forces which impose themselves upon the course of scientific discovery and development. All too familiar is the effect of war upon science – the development of radar, of nuclear energy theory and practice, of transplantation immunology, to name but a few. One need only recall the Church's view of the Galilean heresy; the serious economic plight of the French silk industry whose appeal helped to direct the course of Pasteur's future work; or the benevolent view of science by Bismarck in Prussia and by Congressman James Fogarty and Senator Lister Hill in America, that did much to establish the scientific leadership in their respective countries. The ability of the Prussian Minister Friedrich Althoff to recognize talent and to reward the Kochs, Ehrlichs, and Behrings with university professorships and with their own institutes was one of the chief factors in German pre-eminence in bacteriology and immunology in the late nineteenth century. By contrast, Pasteur in France was forced to build his institute himself through public subscription, and later the operating funds of the Institut Pasteur came in no small part from its herd of horses to be immunized and from the commercial sale of antitoxins. The development of a yellow fever vaccine certainly owes much to the American occupation of Cuba after the Spanish-American war, and to the building of the Panama Canal. Similarly, not the least contribution to the development of the polio vaccine was the affliction of Franklin D. Roosevelt, while the critical choice between a killed versus an attenuated virus vaccine was made for mainly political reasons by a non-scientist, Basil O'Connor, Director of the Polio Foundation. Finally, when an American President and Congress declare a "War on Cancer" or on AIDS, and appropriate massive funds in its support, all of science changes in both direction and velocity.

 

These are but a few of the well-explored and documented instances of profound socio-political influences upon the course of scientific development, but there are many others deserving of the attention of the historian (and scientist), and some will be found in the text that follows. No history of a science would be complete or even fully comprehensible without their inclusion, and they add spice to what might otherwise be a rather dull and tasteless fare.

 

 

Notes

 

1. Butterfield, H., The Whig Interpretation of History, New York, W.W. Norton, 1965.
2. Julius H. Comroe's essay "Tell it like it was" speaks well to this point: Comroe, J.H., Retrospectoscope: Insights into Medical Discovery, Menlo Park, Von Gehr, 1977, pp. 89–98.
3. Kuhn, T., The Structure of Scientific Revolution, 2nd edn, Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1970.
4. See, for example, G.W. Stocking's editorial "On the limits of presentism and historicism ...," J. Hist. Behav. Sci. 1:211, 1965.
5. Popper, K., The Logic of Scientific Discovery, London, Hutchinson, 1959.
6. Medawar, P.B., Induction and Intuition in Scientific Thought, Philadelphia, American Philosophical Society, 1969.

 

 

 

2012-11-13 ¿ÀÀü 10:00

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Thomas Kuhn, ±×¸®°í Arthur M. SilversteinÀÇ <A History of Immunology>ÀÇ Foreword ÀüºÎ¸¦ ÀοëÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹Ì·¡(º¯È­)¿¹Ãø ȤÀº Trend-Spotting¿¡¼­ °¡Àå ÀÚÁÖ ÀϾ´Â ¿À·ù°¡ <ÇöÀç>ÀÇ »ç°í¸¦ ¿¬ÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¹ø¿ªÀÇ Áß°£Âë¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â PresentismÀº °ú°ÅÀÇ »ç°ÇµéÀ» ÇöÀçÀÇ ÈξÀ ¹ßÀüµÈ(modern) ¿ë¾î¿Í ¸Æ¶ô ¾È¿¡¼­ Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̶ó°í Çϴµ¥, <ÇöÀç>ÀÇ »ç°í¸¦ °ú°Å·Î ¿¬ÀåÇÏ´Â ¿À·ù´Â <¹Ì·¡>¿¡ °üÇؼ­µµ µ¿ÀÏÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Lindkvist´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀ» <¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ¿À´ÃÀÇ ¿¬ÀåÀ̶ó°í º¸´Â Á÷¼±Àû »ç°í>¶ó°í ºñÆÇÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¼­ <Á÷¼±>Àº ´Ü¼øÈ­µÈ »ó¡Àû Ç¥ÇöÀÌ°í »ç½ÇÀº ¾î¶² °æ·Îµç ¿¹ÃøÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÑ °ÍÀ» ¶æÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ 152-4ÂÊ¿¡¼­´Â ¼ö¿­ÀÇ ºóÄ­ ¿¹ÃøÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¾î¼­ Graph ¶Ç´Â Mapping Theory¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â <¿¹Ãø°¡´ÉÇÑ »ç°í¹ý>À» ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. Graph ¶Ç´Â Mapping Theory¶ó´Â °ÍÀº Lindkvist°¡ ¾´ Ç¥Çö ±×´ë·Î <¸¸¾à X¶ó¸é ±×·³ Y´Ù>(155ÂÊ)¶ó´Â ³í¸®¸¦ ¸»Çϴµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ¼ÒÀ§ ±×·¡ÇÁÀÇ Çü»óÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌµç µ¶¸³º¯¼ö¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â Á¾¼Óº¯¼ö(ÇÔ¼ö°ª)À» ¾Ë¾Æ³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏÂ÷¿øÀÇ Á÷¼±À̵ç, Sine/Cosine °î¼±À̵ç, Log³ª Exponential ±×·¡ÇÁµç ¿¹ÃøÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù´Â Á¡¿¡¼­ LindkvistÀÇ <Á÷¼±Àû »ç°í¹æ½Ä>¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â °³³äÀÌ <ÀüÇô º°°³ÀÇ ±âÁØÀ» ±Ù°Å·Î ÇÑ Ã¢Á¶ÀûÀÌ°í »ó»ó·ÂÀÌ Ç³ºÎÇÑ ÇØ´äµé>ÀÌ´Ù. À̸¦Å׸é 2, 4, (2), (4),... ¶Ç´Â 2, 4, (36), (9),...(160ÂÊ) µîÀÌ´Ù. 

Presentism ¶Ç´Â Á÷¼±Àû »ç°í¾ß¸»·Î º¯È­¿¹Ãø¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ°í âÀÇÀû »ç°í¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÏ´Â ¸Å¿ì Ä¿´Ù¶õ Àå¾Ö¹°ÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ÀÌ¹Ì Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Í, ÀÌ¹Ì ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ» ¶Ù¾î³ÑÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â Çö»óÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. SF¿µÈ­¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¾Æ¹«¸® ÈäÃøÇÑ ¿Ü°è Á¾Á·µµ »ç½ÇÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀνÄƲ ¾È¿¡¼­ »ó»óµÈ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¿ìÁÖ ¾È¿¡ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¿Ü°è »ý¸íü°¡ Á¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù¸é Á¤¸»·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ó»óÀ» ¶Ù¾î³Ñ´Â Çü»ó°ú ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­ ¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ ¿À·ù´Â ¿Ü°è »ý¸íü°¡ Áö±¸ÀÇ Àηùº¸´Ù ´õ °íµîÀÇ ´É·ÂÀ» °¡Áú °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÃøÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·± ÇϳªÀÇ ¹æÇâÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÃßÁ¤Àº »ç½Ç»ó ¾Æ¹«·± ÁöÀûÀÎ ±Ù°Å°¡ ¾ø´Ù.

Lindkvist´Â <ÀηùÀÇ "ÀνÄ"À̶õ ¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ ÃÖ´ëÀÇ ¹Ì½ºÅ͸® Áß Çϳª>(201ÂÊ)¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ³ª´Â Lindkvist°¡ ¿Ö <¿ì¸® ½Ã´ëÀÇ>¶ó´Â ¼ö½Ä¾î¸¦ µ¡ºÙ¿´´ÂÁö ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ÀηùÀÇ ½ÃÀÛºÎÅÍ ÇÔ²² Çϸç Àηù°¡ ¸êÁ¾ÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£±îÁö ±Øº¹µÇÁö ¸øÇÒ Çö»óÀÌ ¾Æ´Ò±î »ý°¢µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¾î·µç <Å»¹«µå¸¦ ÀοëÇÏÀÚ¸é '¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¹°À» º¸´Â °ÍÀº ±× »ç¹°´ë·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ì¸®´ë·Î º¸´Â °Í'ÀÌ´Ù.>(201ÂÊ)¶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. <³ªÀÇ ¹®È­ À¯»ê ´ä»ç±â>ÀÇ ÀúÀÚ À¯È«ÁØ ±³¼ö°¡ <¾Æ´Â ¸¸Å­ º¸ÀδÙ>°í ÇÑ ¸»Àº Á¤¸» À¯¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº°¡? <'¾Æ´Â ¸¸Å­ º¸ÀδÙ'´Â °É ¾Ë¸é¼­µµ '¾Æ´Â ¸¸Å­¹Û¿¡' º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â Àΰ£À̶õ!--ÀÌ°ÍÀº ³ªÀÇ Åº½ÄÀÌ´Ù!> Lindkvist´Â (1)¾Æ¹«·± ÆÐÅϵµ ¾ø´Â µ¥¼­ ¾î¶°ÇÑ ÆÐÅϵéÀ» º¸·Á´Â °æÇâ, (2)È®½ÇÇÑ Áõ°Å¸¦ ãÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °æÇâ(ÀÚ±â°áÁ¤ Á¤´çÈ­), (3)¼±ÀÔ°üÀ¸·Î °®°í ÀÖ´ø Æí°ßµéÀ» ½á¸ÔÀ¸·Á°í ÇÏ´Â °æÇâ(ÀÚ±â»ç°íÀÇ °­È­)¸¦ µé°í Àִµ¥ À̰͵éÀÇ °øÅëÁ¡Àº <Æí¸®ÇÔ--¼ÒÁßÇÑ µÎ³ú ÀÚ»êÀ» Àý¾àÇϱâ À§ÇØ °í¾ÈµÈ ÀÏÁ¾ÀÇ Á¤½ÅÀû Áö¸§±æ>ÀÌ´Ù.

 

<¼³µæÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐ> ½Ã¸®Áî·Î ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼­µµ À¯¸íÇØÁø Ä¡¾Ëµð´Ï ±³¼ö(Robert B. Cialdini)´Â ±×ÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ÀÌ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â ¼ö¸¹Àº »ç·Ê¸¦ Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº »çȸ½É¸®ÇÐÀÇ ±Ùº» »À´ë¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â <¸Í¸ñÀûÀÌ°í ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ> »ç°í¹æ½Ä(1±Ç ÃÊÆÇ ÁöÀºÀÌÀÇ ±Û)À̶ó´Â ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑ°¡Áö »ç·Ê¸¦ º¸ÀÚ. °æ¸¶Àå¿¡¼­ »ç¶÷µéÀº ƯÁ¤ ¸»¿¡ µ·À» °Ç ÈÄ¿¡´Â µ·À» °É±â Àüº¸´Ù ±× ¸»ÀÌ °æ¸¶¿¡¼­ ¿ì½ÂÇÒ È®·üÀÌ ´õ ³ô´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.(Knox & Inkster, 1968, Ä¡¾Ëµð´Ï 1±Ç "ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢", 106ÂÊ) ½ÉÁö¾î´Â ¹æ±Ý Àü¿¡ ³»°¡ ªÀº ¸®ºä¸¦ ¾´ ±èÀÚ¿µ ±³¼öÀÇ <¸»À» µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ¸é °æ¿µÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù>¿¡¼­µµ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.

 

ûÁßÀÇ °ø°¨À» À̲ø¾î³»±â À§Çؼ­ '¿¹'¶ó´Â ´ë´äÀ» À¯µµÇÏ¿© ûÁßÀ» ½É¸®Àû °¥µî¿¡ ºüÁö°Ô ¸¸µå´Â ¹æ¹ýµµ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿¹¸¦ µé¾î, 'Á¤¸®Á¤µ·À» ÀßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÏÀ» ÀßÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷À̶ó´Â À̾߱â´Â ¿©·¯ºÐµµ ¸¹ÀÌ µé¾îº¸¼ÌÀ» °Ì´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸ÁÒ?'¶óµçÁö 'Á¤¸®Á¤µ· Çϳªµµ Á¦´ë·Î ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾î¶»°Ô Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÏÀ» ¸Ã±â°Ú¾î¿ä? ±×·¸ÁÒ?'¶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. '±×·¸ÁÒ?'ó·³ µ¿ÀǸ¦ ±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸»À» µéÀ¸¸é »ç¶÷Àº ÀÚ¿¬½º·´°Ô '¿¹'¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÏ°Ô µË´Ï´Ù. Á¤¸®Á¤µ·ÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÏ´ø »ç¶÷µµ ÀÚ²Ù '¿¹'¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÏ°Ô µÊÀ¸·Î½á ½É¸®Àû °¥µî»óÅ¿¡ ºüÁý´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ °¥µîÀ» ÇؼÒÇϱâ À§ÇØ Àڱ⵵ ¸ð¸£°Ô ¿¬¼³ÀÚÀÇ ¸»¿¡ °ø°¨Çϰųª ±àÁ¤ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ°Ô µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô¾ÆÁý´Ï´Ù. (85ÂÊ)

 

ÀþÀº ³²ÀÚµé »çÀÌ¿¡ ³Î¸® ¾Ë·ÁÁø <¿©ÀÚ´Ù·ç±â>ÀÇ ÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ¾ÆÁÖ ½±°í ÀÛÀº Áú¹®À¸·Î 'YES'¶ó´Â ´ë´äÀ» À̲ø¾î³»°í, Á¶±Ý¾¿ Áú¹®ÀÇ ³­À̵µ¸¦ ¿Ã¸®´Ù°¡--ÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº °³º° Áú¹®À̶ó¸é 'YES'°¡ ½±°Ô ³ª¿ÀÁö ¾ÊÀ» Áú¹®µé¿¡¼­ <´Ü°èÀûÀ¸·Î> 'YES'¸¦ À̲ø¾î³»´Â °Ô ÇÙ½ÉÀÌ´Ù--¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ ¿ø·¡ ¸ñÇ¥ÇÏ´ø Áú¹®À» ´øÁ® 'YES'¶ó´Â ´ë´äÀ» ¾ò¾î³»´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ±â¹ýÀ» foot-in-the-door techniqueÀ̶ó°í Çϴµ¥, <ÃÖÃÊÀÇ ½Â³«ÀÌ »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¸¶À½À» ±¸¼ÓÇÏ´Â Çö»ó--Commitment>(*ÁÖ1)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.(<ÀÌÁ¦´Â Àý´ë·Î ½É¸®Àü¿¡¼­ ¹Ð¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù>, ÀÌÅä ¾ÆÅ°¶ó & ³ªÀÌÅä ¿ä½ÃÈ÷Åä, À̼±Èñ ¿ª, 47ÂÊ / <¸»À» µðÀÚÀÎÇÏ¸é °æ¿µÀÌ ´Þ¶óÁø´Ù>, ±èÀÚ¿µ, 147ÂÊ) ½É¸®ÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ¸»Çϸé <ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢>°ú <ÀÎÁöºÎÁ¶È­·Î ÀÎÇÑ ½É¸®Àû °¥µî(ºÒÆíÇÔ)>Àº µ¿ÀüÀÇ ¾ÕµÞ¸é°ú °°´Ù. µ¿ÀÏÇÑ Çö»óÀ» ¾î¶² ÂÊ¿¡¼­ Á¢±ÙÇϴ°¡ÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÀÏ »ÓÀ̶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù.

(*ÁÖ1) Commitment´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î´Â À§ÀÓ, ¾à¼Ó µîÀÇ ¶æÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸³ª ¿©±â¼­´Â <¾ï¸ÅÀÓ, ±¸¼Ó>ÀÇ ¶æÀÌ°í--Commitment¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á» ¾î·Á¿î ´Ü¾îÀΰ¡º¸´Ù. °³ÀÔ, Ã¥ÀÓ, Çå½Å µîÀ¸·Î Ç¥ÇöÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéµµ Àִµ¥ »çȸ½É¸®Çп¡¼­´Â <¾î¶² °áÁ¤À̳ª Çൿ¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÑ Á¤µµ>¸¦ ¸»ÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.(<½É¸®ÇÐÀÌ ¿¬¾Ö¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ´Ù>, ÀÌö¿ì, 87ÂÊ)--°æÁ¦Çп¡¼­ ÀÚÁÖ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸Å¸ôºñ¿ë(Sink Cost) ¿ª½Ã Escalation of Commitment(¸ôÀÔ»ó½Â, Ãâó: http://meeast.blog.me/10056843178)À̶ó°íµµ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. °ÔÀÓÀ̷п¡¼­ Commitment´Â <ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ¾à¼ÓÀ» ¹Ýµå½Ã Áöų °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ó´ë¿¡°Ô È®½Å½ÃÄÑ ÁÖ´Â ÇàÀ§>¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Âµ¥, ÀÌ °æ¿ìµµ ƯÁ¤ÇÑ Àü·«¿¡ ¾ï¸Å´Â(°íÁ¤ÇÏ´Â) °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ°°Àº Àǹ̶ó ÇÏ°Ú´Ù.(<ÀλýÀ» ¹Ù²Ù´Â °ÔÀÓÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢>, ¹ÚÂùÈñ & ÇѼø±¸, 161ÂÊ)

 

½É¸®ÇÐÀÌ Àΰ£¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Áõ¸íÇØÁÖ´Â »ç½ÇÀº <Àΰ£Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¹Ùº¸´Ù!>¶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ½É¸®´Â °³ÀÎÀÇ Â÷¿øÀÌµç »çȸÀÇ Â÷¿øÀ̵ç <Á¶ÀÛÀÇ ´ë»ó>ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. »ç±â²Û°ú Á¤Ä¡ÀεéÀº ÀÌ ¼ö¹ýÀÇ ´Ü°ñ°í°´µéÀÌ´Ù.

 

¾î·°Å³ª ½É¸®Çаú Àΰ£ÀÇ ½É¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû¾øÀÌ ¼ÒÀ§ Trend¸¦ ´Ù·é´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ³Í¼¾½º´Ù. Ä¡¾Ëµð´ÏÀÇ »ç·Ê¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î <µµ¹Ú»çÀÇ ¿À·ù>(Lindkvist, 167ÂÊ)µµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀÌ´Ï ÀÎÁöºÎÁ¶È­´Ï ÇÏ¸é ¾î·ÆÁö¸¸, Æí¸®ÇÔÀ̳ª ÀÚµ¿È­µÈ »ç°í¹æ½ÄÀ̶ó°í Çϸé ÈξÀ ½±´Ù. LindkvistÀÇ ¼öÇм±»ý´ÔÀÌ ÀÌ·± ¸»À» Çß´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.

 

¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ¾î¶² °ÍÀ» ¸ð¾Æ¼­ ÇϳªÀÇ ±×·ìÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùÇÏ´Â ¼ø°£, Á¤º¸¸¦ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù(93ÂÊ)

 

½É¸®ÇÐÀû ¿À·ù °¡¿îµ¥ ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ Èĺ¸¿¡ ´ç¿¬È÷ ¿Ã¶ó¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

ÀÚ±âÇÑÅ× ¾àÀÌ µÇ´Â ºñÆÇÀ», Àڱ⸦ ±â¸¸ÇÒ »ÓÀΠĪÂùº¸´Ù ´õ ÁÁ¾ÆÇÒ ¸¸Å­ ÁöÇý¸¦ °®Ãá »ç¶÷Àº ¾ÆÁÖ µå¹°´Ù(ÇÁ¶û¼Ò¾Æ µå ¶ó ·Î½´ÄÚÇÁ, 135ÂÊ)

 

»ç¶÷µéÀÌ ¾î¶² ÀÏÁ¤ÇÑ Á¤º¸¿¡ ¹Ýº¹Çؼ­ ³ëÃâµÉ °æ¿ì¿¡, ±× »ç¶÷µéÀº ±×°ÍÀ» »ç½Ç·Î ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌ´Â °æÇâÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ¸¹´Ù(137ÂÊ, ÆĶóµå ¸¸ÁÖ, <¼Ò¹®ÀÌ ³ª´Â ÀÌÀ¯µé>, ´º¿åŸÀÓÁî, 2008³â 3¿ù 16ÀÏÀÚ)

 

¸¶Áö¸· ÀÎ¿ë ±¸ÀýÀº ³î¶ø°Ôµµ <¾ï¿ïÇÑ ¹üÀÎÀ» ¸¸µå´Â ¼¼³ú>¿¡µµ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »ç·Ê´Â Áö³­³¯ÀÇ ¾îµÎ¿î ¿ì¸® ¿ª»ç¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. Trend¸¦ ¹«¾ùÀ̶ó°í Á¤Àdz»¸®µç »ç¶÷°ú »çȸÇö»ó °¡¿îµ¥¼­ <Áø½Ç>À» ¹Ù·Î º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ±× ¿ªÇÒÀ» Á¦´ë·Î Çس¾ ¼ö°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ²ç¶Õ¾îº» Áø½ÇÀ» ¾î¶»°Ô ÀÌ¿ëÇϴ°¡´Â ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ¾î·Á¿î ÁÖÁ¦´Ù. Ã¥ Á¦¸ñ <Everything We Know Is Wrong!>Àº Á¤¸» ÀØÀ» ¼ö ¾ø´Â, Àؾ´Â ¾ÈµÇ´Â ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. (¸®ºä Á¦2ºÎ ³¡)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Á¦1ºÎ Have you ever been a Neoteric?

 

2012-11-06 ¿ÀÈÄ 18:37

 

 

Magnus LindkvistÀÇ <Everything We Know Is Wrong!: The Trendspotter's Handbook>

ÀÌ Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÁøÂ¥ ¼­ÆòÀº-±×·¯´Ï±î Ã¥À» ÀÐÀº ´ÙÀ½ÀÇ ¼­ÆòÀº Á¦2ºÎ¿¡¼­ ¾²±â·Î ÇÏ°í

¹ø¿ªµÈ Ã¥ÀÇ Ç¥Áö¸¦ Àå½ÄÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â

 

º¯È­¸¦ ÀÐÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö »ç°¢Áö´ë!

'¾Æ´Â °Í'À̶õ ÇÔÁ¤¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª¶ó!

 

¿¡ °üÇؼ­ ¸ÕÀú À̾߱⸦ Çغ¸·Á°í ÇÑ´Ù.

 

George Leonard°¡ ¾´ <MASTERY - THE KEYS TO SUCCESS AND LONG-TERM FULFILLMENT> (´ÞÀÎ Mastermind, °­À¯¿ø ¿ª)

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¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â ´ë¸ñ °¡¿îµ¥ ÀÌ·± ³»¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

 

"¿ì¸®´Â ´õ ³ªÀº ÀλýÀ» À§ÇØ ´Ã º¯È­¸¦ °á½ÉÇÑ´Ù. ±×°Ç ¾ÆÁÖ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â º¯È­´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»ÇØ Á¤±âÀûÀÎ ¿¬½ÀÀ» ÇØ°¡´Â ´ÞÀÎÀÇ ±æ·Î µé¾î¼­´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô °á½ÉÇÏ°í ³ª¸é ´ëºÎºÐ Ä£±¸¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. °á½ÉÀ» ½á¼­ º®¿¡ ºÙ¿©µÐ´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î º¯È­ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯¸é ¸ðµç °Ô Á¦´ë·Î Èê·¯°¡¸é¼­ ±âºÐµµ ÁÁ¾ÆÁø´Ù. ÇູÇØ Áø´Ù. Ä£±¸µéµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ÇູÇØ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀλýÀÌ ´õ ³ªÀº °ÍÀ¸·Î º¯È­ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ±× ´ÙÀ½ÀÌ µÇÀÚ °ð¹Ù·Î Åðº¸ÇÑ´Ù.

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»ç½Ç Ç×»ó¼ºÀº ÁÁÀº º¯È­¿Í ³ª»Û º¯È­¸¦ ±¸º°ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀÌ ±â´ÉÀº ¸ðµç º¯È­¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÑ´Ù. º°´Ù¸¥ ¿îµ¿À» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í 20³âÀ» Áö³»¿Ô´Ù¸é ±× »ç¶÷ÀÇ À°Ã¼´Â ¾É¾Æ¼­ Áö³»´Â »ýÈ°À» 'Á¤»ó'À̶ó°í °£ÁÖÇÑ´Ù. ´õ ³ªÀº º¯È­°¡ ½ÃÀ۵ŵµ ±× ÁúÀûÀΠƯ¼ºÀ» ¾Ë¾ÆÂ÷¸®Áö ¸øÇÑ´Ù. ´Ã ÇØ¿À´ø ¹æ½ÄÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¸é À§ÇùÀ¸·Î Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ½½±Ý½½±Ý ´Ù½Ã Â÷·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡°Å³ª, ´Ù¸¥ ¹æµµ¸¦ ã±â À§ÇØ µÎ¸®¹ø°Å¸®°Ô µÈ´Ù.

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¾î¶² Á¶Á÷À̳ª ¹®È­°¡ º¯È­¸¦ °ÅºÎÇÏ°í, ¼³È¤ º¯È­°¡ ÀϾ´Ù°í Çصµ °ú°Å·Î µÇµ¹¾Æ°¡´Â »óȲ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´õ ±íÀÌ ³íÀÇÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä´Â ¾øÀ» °Í °°´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ ±× ÀúÇ×ÀÌ ÁÁÀº º¯È­, ³ª»Û º¯È­¿Í´Â °ü°è¾ø°í, ´Ù¸¸ º¯È­ÀÇ Å©±â¿Í ¼Óµµ¿¡ ºñ·ÊÇÑ´Ù´Â °Í¸¸ ¾Ë¾ÆµÎÀÚ. ¾î¶² Á¶Á÷À̳ª ¹®È­°¡ °³ÇõÀ» ¿øÇÒ ¶§ °Å´ëÇÑ ÀúÇ׿¡ Á÷¸éÇßÀ» °æ¿ì, ±×°ÍÀº Å͹«´Ï¾øÀÌ ³ª»Û ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î³ª Å͹«´Ï¾øÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î µÑ Áß¿¡ Çϳª ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù."

 

George LeonardÀÇ Ã¥ Á¦¸ñÀ» ±×´ë·Î ¹ø¿ªÇϸé <¼÷´Þ - ¼º°øÀÇ ºñ°á°ú Àå±âÀûÀÎ ¼ºÃë> Á¤µµ°¡ µÇ°Ú´Ù.

À§¿¡ ÀοëÇÑ ºÎºÐÀº "10Àå ¿Ö À۽ɻïÀÏÀΰ¡?"ÀÇ ÀϺδÙ.

 

±×°ÍÀÌ ¼º°øÀ̵ç ÇູÀÌµç ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸ñÀû´Þ¼º¿¡ ½ÇÆÐÇÏ´Â ÁøÂ¥ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡? º¯È­ÀÇ ¹æÇâ°ú ³»¿ë¸¸ Á¦´ë·Î <ÆľÇ>ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é º¯È­¸¦ °ü¸®ÇÏ°í ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸ñÀû¿¡ µµ´ÞÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢Çϴ°¡? YES¶ó°í ´ë´äÇÑ´Ù¸é ¼øÁøÇϰųª Âø°¢À̰ųª °ÅÁþ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

<º¯È­>¸¦ ¿¬±¸Çϴµ¥ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº »ç·Ê´Â Á¤Ä¡ÆÇÀÇ <¼±°Å>´Ù. ¿äÁò ¹Ì±¹°ú Çѱ¹¿¡¼­ °ÅÀÇ µ¿½Ã¿¡ ÁøÇàµÇ´Â ´ëÅë·É¼±°Å´Â ±×·¯¹Ç·Î ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÅؽºÆ®´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀº ³ª»Û º¯È­¿¡¸¸ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, <º¯È­ ±× ÀÚü>¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÑ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀº Á¤¸»ÀÌÁö <ºÒÆíÇÑ Áø½Ç>ÀÌ´Ù. <¹Ù²ã, ¹Ù²ã, ¸ðµç °É ´Ù ¹Ù²ã> ÇÏ´Â ´ëÁß°¡¿äÀÇ °¡»ç°¡ Á¦´ë·Î ÅëÇÒ °Í °°Àº ¿À´Ã¿¡µµ »ç¶÷µéÀº º¯È­¿¡ ÀúÇ×ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ù½Ã ¸»Çؼ­ »ç¶÷µéÀº <º¯È­>¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ¹«ÁöÇÒ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÀÌÁßÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Magnus LindkvistÀÇ <¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Â °ÍÀº ¸ðµÎ Ʋ·È´Ù>¿¡´Â <Know>¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. <Wrong>À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾îµµ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¿ÂÀüÈ÷ Áö½Ä(Knowledge)À̶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â Â÷¶ó¸® ÀÎÁö(Recognition)¿¡ °¡±î¿î ÁÖÁ¦¶ó°í ÇؾßÇÒÅÙµ¥, ÀÌ ºÐ¾ß´Â <»ç¶÷¿¡°Ô> ƯÈ÷ <21¼¼±â »çȸ>¸¦ »ì¾Æ°¡´Â »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ ¿µ¿ªÀÌ´Ù. ±Ù·¡¿¡´Â °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿µ¿ª¿¡ <½É¸®ÇÐ>ÀÌ °ü¿©ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯À̱⵵ ÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ´Ù½Ã ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¸»ÇÏ¸é ¿ì¸® ¾Õ¿¡ ³õÀÎ ¹®Á¦°¡ ´Ü¼øÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¸Å¿ì º¹ÀâÇÏ°í ¾î·Æ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. ÁÖ¾îÁø Áú¹®¿¡ ´ëÇÑ <¿ÇÀº ´ä>À» ã´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ÁÖ¾îÁø <Áú¹® ÀÚü°¡ ¿ÇÀºÁö>¸¦ ¸ÕÀú µûÁ®ºÁ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.

 

George Leonard°¡ ¸»ÇÑ Ç×»ó¼º(Homeostasis)¿¡ °üÇÑ ¼³¸íÀ» º¸¸é--¾Æ·¡ÀÇ ¼³¸íÀº <The New Penguin Dictionary of Biology> (8th ed., 1990, M. Abercrombie, M. Hickman, M. L. Johnson & M. Thain)¿¡ ³ª¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Homeo´Â same Áï "°°Àº"À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ°í, Stasis´Â stand or stay Áï "(¾î¶² »óÅ·Î) ÀÖ´Ù"¶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. Homeo¸¦ Homo¿Í È¥µ¿ÇÏ¸é ¾È µÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í Biology´Â "»ý¹°ÇÐ"ÀÌ°í Physiology´Â "»ý¸®ÇÐ"ÀÌ´Ù. »ý¸®ÇÐÀº "»ý¹°ÀÇ ±â´É(Function)ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °úÁ¤À̳ª ¿øÀÎÀ» °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ°í ¼³¸íÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ÇÑ ºÐ¾ßÀÌ´Ù. »ý¸®ÇÐÀÌ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ý¹°ÇÐÀº »ý¸íÇö»óÀ» ¹°Áú·ÐÀû ÀÔÀå¿¡¼­ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿©, »ý¸íÀ̶õ ¹«¾ùÀΰ¡ ÇÏ´Â Àǹ®À» ¼³¸íÇÏ·Á´Â Çй®ÀÌ´Ù." (³×À̹ö µÎ»êµ¿¾Æ ¹é°ú»çÀü)

 

HOMEOSTASIS. Term given to those processes, commonly involving negative feedback, by which both positive and negative control are exerted over the values of a variable or set of variables, and without which control the system would fail to function.

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HOMEOSTASIS(Ç×»ó¼º) º¸ÅëÀº Negative FeedbackÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ°í Àִµ¥, (1)ÇϳªÀÇ º¯ÀΠ¶Ç´Â º¯ÀεéÀÇ ÁýÇÕ¿¡ ´ëÇØ Positive ¹× Negative ControlÀÌ °³Àç(ÀÛµ¿)ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤, ±×¸®°í (2)±×·± ControlÀÌ ¾øÀ» °æ¿ì¿¡´Â °³Ã¼ÀÇ ¸ðµç ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÌ ±â´ÉÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ÀÏ·ÃÀÇ °úÁ¤À» ÁöĪÇÏ´Â ¿ë¾î.


~ (1) Physiological. Various processes which help regulate and maintain constancy of the internal environment of a cell or organism at appropriate levels. Each process generally involves: a) one or more sensory devices (misalignment detectors) monitoring the value of the variable whose constancy is required; b) an input from this detector to some effector when the value changes, which c) restores the value of the variable to normality, consequently shutting-off the original input (negative-feedback) to the misalignment detector. In unicellular organisms homeostatic processes include osmoregulation by contractile vacuoles and movement away from unfavourable conditions of pH; in mammals (homeostatically sophisticated) the controls of blood glucose (see INSULIN, GLUCAGON), CO, and pH levels, and its overall concentration and volume (See OSMOREGULATION), of ventilation, heart rate and body temperature provide a few examples.

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(1) Physiological (»ý¸®Çп¡¼­ÀÇ Ç×»ó¼º) ÇϳªÀÇ Cell(¼¼Æ÷) ¶Ç´Â Organism(»ý¸íü)ÀÇ ³»ºÎ ȯ°æÀÇ ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀ» ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öÁØ¿¡¼­ Á¶ÀýÇÏ°í À¯ÁöÇϴµ¥ µµ¿òÀÌ µÇ´Â ´Ù¾çÇÑ °úÁ¤µé. °¢°¢ÀÇ °úÁ¤µéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù: a) Çϳª ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ °¨°¢±â°üµé(À߸øµÈ Á¶ÀýÀ» ŽÁöÇÏ´Â ±â°üµé)ÀÌ ÀÏ°ü¼ºÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ º¯ÀÎÀÇ ¼öÁØ(value)À» ¸ð´ÏÅ͸µ(°¨½Ã)ÇÑ´Ù; b) º¯ÀÎÀÇ ¼öÁØ(value)ÀÌ ¹Ù²î¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨°¢±â°ü(ŽÁö±â°ü)¿¡¼­ ´Ù¼öÀÇ ¼ö¿ëü(effector)·Î ½ÅÈ£°¡ ÅëÁö(input)µÇ°í c) ¿øÀÎ º¯ÀÎÀÇ ¼öÁØÀ» Á¤»óÄ¡·Î µÇµ¹·Á³õ°í³ª¼­ À߸øµÈ »óŸ¦ ŽÁöÇس½ °¨°¢±â°üÀ¸·Î µé¾î°¡´Â ¿ø·¡ÀÇ ½ÅÈ£(input, negative-feedback)À» Â÷´ÜÇÑ´Ù. ´Ü¼¼Æ÷ »ý¹°¿¡¼­´Â Ç×»ó¼º À¯Áö°úÁ¤¿¡ [¼öÃ༺ÀÖ´Â(contractile) ¾×Æ÷(vacuole)µéÀÇ »ïÅõ¾ÐÁ¶Àý(Osmoregulation)]°ú [¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº pH(»ê¼ºµµ) Á¶°ÇÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍÀÇ Å»ÇÇ]°¡ Æ÷ÇԵȴÙ. (Ç×»ó¼ºÀ¯Áö Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ º¹ÀâÇÑ) Æ÷À¯·ùÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â Ç÷¾× ³»ÀÇ Æ÷µµ´ç(gluecose) (INSULIN, GLUCAGON Ç׸ñ ÂüÁ¶), ÀÏ»êȭź¼Ò(CO), pH ¼öÁØ, ±×¸®°í Ç÷¾×ÀÇ Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ³óµµ¿Í ¾ç (OSMOREGULATION Ç׸ñ ÂüÁ¶), È£Èí(ventilation)°ú ¸Æ¹Ú¼ö ¹× ü¿ÂÀÇ Á¶ÀýÀ» Ç×»ó¼ºÀ¯ÁöÀÇ »ç·Ê·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


(2) Developmental. Mechanisms which prevent the FITNESS of an organism from being reduced by disturbances in developmental conditions. The phrase {developmental canalization} has been used in this context.
(3) Genetic. Tendency of populations of outbreeding species to resist the effects of artificial SELECTION, attributable to the lower ability of homozygotes than heterozygotes in achieving developmental homeostasis.
(4) Ecological. Several ecological factors serving to regulate population density, species diversity, relative biomasses of trophic levels, etc., may be thought of as homeostatic. See DENSITY-DEPENDENCE, BALANCEOFNATURE,ARMSRACE.


³ª¸ÓÁö ºÎºÐÀº ¹ø¿ªÀ» »ý·«Çϱâ·Î ÇÏÀÚ. ±×·±µ¥ »ý¹°ÇÐ ¶Ç´Â »ý¸®ÇÐ Áö½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ÀÌ ¸®ºä¸¦ º¸´Â ºÐµéº¸´Ù <ÀüÇô ³ªÀ»°Ô ¾ø´Â> ³»°¡ ¿Ö ÀÌ·± ¼ö°í¸¦ ÇÏ°í ÀÖÀ»±î? ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¿ì¸®ÀÇ »ý¸í°ú »îÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ <ÀüÇô ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â> ±×·¯³ª <ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â> ¼ö¾ø´Â º¹ÀâÇÑ È°µ¿µé¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ <À¯ÁöµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù>´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±ú¿ìÃÄ ÁÖ±â À§ÇÔÀÌ´Ù.

½É¹Ú¼ö¿¡ ½Å°æÀ» ½á¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ½ÉºÎÀü µîÀÇ ÁúȯÀÌ ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ°í, Àν¶¸° ¼öÄ¡¿¡ ½Å°æÀ» ½á¾ß ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷Àº ´ç´¢º´À» ¾Î´Â ºÐÀÌ´Ù. ¹°·Ð <°Ç°­¿°·ÁÁõ>À̶ó´Â »õ·Î¿î ¸»ÀÌ µîÀåÇÒ Á¤µµ·Î °Ç°­¿¡ °üÇÑ °ü½ÉÀÌ Áö´ëÇÑ °Íµµ »ç½ÇÀÌÁö¸¸, ±×·¸´õ¶óµµ ³¯¸¶´Ù »ç¶÷µéÀÌ <üũÇÏ´Â> Á¤µµ´Â <»ý¸íÇö»ó>¿¡ ºñÇϸé Á¤¸» <¿ô±â´Â ¼öÁØ>¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ³íÀǸ¦ ºô¸®Áö ¾Ê´õ¶óµµ ¸ðµç »ý¸íü´Â ÇϳªÀÇ <½´ÆÛÄÄÇ»ÅÍ>´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï ½´ÆÛÄÄÀ» ´É°¡ÇÑ´Ù. Á¤º¸ÀÇ Ã³¸®·®°ú ¼Óµµ¸é¿¡¼­ ¸ðµÎ ±×·¸´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Ãø¸éÀº ´Ü¼øÈ÷ BrainÀÇ ±â´É¿¡¸¸ ±¹ÇѵǴ °ÍÀÌ °áÄÚ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ °ªºñ½Ñ ±â´É¼º È­ÀåÇ°À¸·Î ¾î¶»°Ô Çغ¸·Á°í ÇÏ´Â <°¢Áú>µµ Á¤¸» ³î¶ó¿î Á¤º¸Ã³¸® ¹× »ý¸íÇö»óÀÇ °á°ú´Ù. ±×·¯ÇÑ ¼¼Æ÷ ´ÜÀ§º¸´Ù ´õ MicroÇÑ ¼öÁرîÁöµµ À̾߱âÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸®º¸¼ØÀÌ´Ï ¹ÌÅäÄܵ帮¾Æ´Ï DNA, RNA µî ¼ö¸¹Àº ¼¼Æ÷»ý¹°ÇÐ ¿ë¾î´Â Çй®ÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¾î¶»°Ô ¼³¸íµÇ´ÂÁö ¸ô¶óµµ ³»°¡ º¸±â¿¡´Â Ä¿´Ù¶õ Ç×»ó¼º Ã¼°èÀÇ ÀϺο¡ ÇØ´çÇÑ´Ù.

¹ø¿ª¿¡ ¾Õ¼­ ÀοëÇÑ ³×À̹ö µÎ»êµ¿¾Æ ¹é°ú»çÀüÀÇ »ý¸®ÇÐ(Physiology)ÀÇ ¼³¸í¿¡ ±â´É(Function)À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î¿Í ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ(Material or Physical)À̶ó´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ç×»ó¼º(Homeostasis)´Â »ý¸®ÇÐÀÇ Â÷¿ø Áï ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø¿¡¸¸ °¡µÑ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ(Psychological) ¿µ¿ª, ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡ »ý¸íÀÇ <°³Ã¼(Individual)>¸¦ ³Ñ¾î¼± Á¶Á÷°ú »çȸ ±×¸®°í ¹®È­ÀÇ Â÷¿ø±îÁö È®ÀåµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °ßÇØ´Â George LeonardÀÇ Àο뿡¼­ È®ÀεȴÙ.

ÄÄÇ»ÅÍ°øÇп¡¼­´Â <»ç¿ëÀÚ°¡ ÀüÇô ÀνÄÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ´Â, ±×·¯³ª ÀÚµ¿ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼öÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º>¸¦ ÈçÈ÷ Background Processes¶ó°í ºÎ¸¥´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ Àΰ£ÀÇ ½É¸®¿Í ±âŸ Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÀÛµ¿ÇÏ´Â Background Process¿¡ °üÇØ À̾߱⸦ Çغ¸ÀÚ. ¿ì¸®´Â Carl Gustav Jung(À¶)À̶ó´Â ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ ´öºÐ¿¡ ¾ÆÁÖ ÁÁÀº À§Ä¡¿¡¼­ ½ÃÀÛÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

À§¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞÇÑ ¹Ù´ë·Î ½É¸®ÇÐÀº ÀÌÁ¦ °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ Àý´ëÀûÀÎ ±ÇÀ§¸¦ °¡Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ½É¸®ÇÐ °¡¿îµ¥¼­µµ ¾î·Á¿î ºÐ¾ßÀÎ Á¤½ÅºÐ¼®ÇÐÀ» â½ÃÇÑ Sigmund Freud¿¡¼­ À¯·¡ÇÑ Ego¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î´Â ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô ³Ê¹«³ª Àͼ÷ÇÏ´Ù.

Id, Ego, Super-Ego¶ó´Â Freud½Ä ºÐ·ù ´ë½Å¿¡ Carl JungÀº Self, Ego, Shadow¶ó´Â ÀνÄƲÀ» Á¦½ÃÇÑ´Ù. Self(ÀÚ±â) = Ego(ÀÚ¾Æ) + Shadow(Àڱ⿡¼­ ÀھƸ¦ »« ³ª¸ÓÁö) ¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ¾ÆÁÖ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÏÀÚ¸é Ego(ÀÚ¾Æ)´Â ¾çÁö·Î, Shadow´Â À½Áö·Î ºÎ¸¦ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ú´Ù. ¿©ÇÏÆ° Shadow´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀνĵDZ⠾î·Æ°í ´Ù¼Ò ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÌ°í ¾îµÎ¿î Ãø¸éÀÇ SelfÀÎ ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®¸»·Î ±×¸²ÀÚ¿¡ ÇØ´çÇÏ´Â Shadow¸¦ ½è´Ù. »ý¸®Çаú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Jung¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­µµ ÞªÀü¹®°¡À̱⿡ JungÀÌ Çй®ÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇß´ø Á¤È®ÇÑ ¿ë¾î¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ ±íÀÌ ÀÖ°Ô ³íÀÇÇÒ ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ ÀûÀýÇÑ ¼öÁØÀÇ ³íÀǸ¦ »óÁ¤ÇÏ°í ÀÌ ¹®Á¦´Â ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¾çÇØ°¡´ÉÇϸ®¶ó ¹Ï´Â´Ù.

JungÀÌ Á÷Á¢ Çß´Ù°í ÇÏ´Â À¯¸íÇÑ ¸»ÀÌ,

"³ª´Â ¼±ÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ±â º¸´Ù ¿ÂÀüÇÑ »ç¶÷ÀÌ µÇ°í ½Í´Ù"¶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù.

Good PersonÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Whole PersonÀÌ µÇ°í ½Í´Ù´Â ¸»ÀÇ ¶æÀº JungÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â Áö¸§±æÀÌ´Ù.

"GoodÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¸é Bad³ª WrongÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̳Ä?" ¾Æ¸¶µµ Áï°¢ÀûÀÎ ¹Ý¹®ÀÌ µé¾î¿Ã °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù·Î ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¹Ý¹®¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­ Jung ½É¸®ÇÐÀÌ Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô ´äº¯À» ÇÑ´Ù. JungÀº <ºÐ¸íÈ÷ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °Í>À» <ºÎÁ¤ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á> ÇÑ Àΰ£°ú »çȸ°¡ ¾î¶»°Ô <¸Á°¡Áú ¼ö Àִ°¡>¸¦ ¼³¸íÇÑ´Ù. µµ´öÀûÀΠź½ÄÀÌ °¥¼ö·Ï ´Ã¾î³ª´Â Çö´ë»çȸ´Ù. ±â¼úÀÇ Áøº¸´Â <¹üÁËÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖÈ­>¶ó´Â ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¾Ê¾Ò´ø Æı«ÀûÀÎ ºÎ¼öÈ¿°ú¸¦ °¡Á®¿Ô´Ù. Á¸Àç·ÐÀû, ¸ñÀû·ÐÀû, ¼ö´Ü·ÐÀûÀ̶ó´Â ¸ðµç Â÷¿ø¿¡¼­ ¹üÁË´Â ±×¾ß¸»·Î <¹ÎÁÖÈ­>µÇ¾ú´Ù. (»ç½Ç Jung ½É¸®Çп¡¼­´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±â¼úÀû, ¼ö´ÜÀû °üÁ¡À» ¹Ý¹ÚÇÑ´Ù. ¹üÁËÀÇ ¹ÎÁÖ<È­>°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ø·¡ ±×·± ƯÁúÀÌ ´©±¸¿¡°Ô³ª ³»ÀçµÇ¾î(Native) ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¸ðµç »ç¶÷µéÀÌ, ½ÉÁö¾î ¸Å¿ì ÈǸ¢ÇÑ ÀÎÇ°À¸·Î Á¸°æ¹Þ´Â ¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµµ ³»¸é¿¡ ¹üÁËÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ ¼ö Àֱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ°í, ´õ¿í ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­ ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ÀÖ´Ù°í º»´Ù. ÇѸ¶µð·Î Wholeness°¡ °á¿©µÈ µµ´öÁÖÀǸ¦ ºñÆÇÀûÀ¸·Î º¸´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ´º½º¿¡ µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ì¼ú°ü Å¥·¹ÀÌÅÍ¿Í ÃÖ°íÀ§ °æÁ¦°ü·áÀÇ ½ºÄµµé¿¡ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀǾÆÇØÇÑ´Ù. ±× »ç°ÇÀÇ º»ÁúÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÌµç ´©±¸³ª Àڱ⠳»ºÎÀÇ ¼û°ÜÁø ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» ¸¶À½²¯ ¹ß»êÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.) ÀÎ½ÄµÈ ¹®Á¦, ÇØ°áÇؾßÇÒ °úÁ¦°¡ ½É°¢ÇÑ °ÍÀÌµç ¾Æ´Ïµç ¿©·¯ °÷¿¡¼­ <Change(º¯È­)> ¾Æ´Ï <Reform(°³Çõ)> ½ÉÁö¾î <Çõ¸í> ¶Ç´Â <Çõ½Å>À» ºÎ¸£Â¢°í ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¿òÁ÷ÀÓµéÀº ½ÇÆÐÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°Íµµ óÀýÇÏ°Ô!

Why? µµ´ëü ¿Ö?

JungÀº °³ÀεéÀÌ °¢ÀÚÀÇ Shadow¸¦ ¿Ü¸éÇÏ°í ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ <²ûÂïÇÑ Æı«>·Î ±Í°áµÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÑ´Ù. Àηù¿ª»çÀÇ ºñ±ØÀûÀÎ ÀåÀº ¸ðµÎ Åõ»ç(Projection)ÀÇ Àü½ÃÀåÀ̶ó°í ÇÑ´Ù. <Áõ¿ÀÀÇ Á¤Ä¡>, <Å×·¯¸®Áò>, <ÀÎÁ¾Ã»¼Ò>, <Çб³Æø·Â>, ½ÉÁö¾î <°íºÎ°¥µî>À̳ª <ºÎºÎ½Î¿ò>µµ ±Ùº»¿øÀÎÀº Åõ»ç(Projection)À̶ó´Â ½É¸®ÀûÀÎ ¸ÞÄ¿´ÏÁò ¶§¹®À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

 

Robert A. JohnsonÀÌ ¾´ <´ç½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ°¡ ¿ï°í ÀÖ´Ù - À¶ ½É¸®ÇÐÀÌ ¹àÈ÷´Â ³» ¾ÈÀÇ ³·¼± ³ª>(°íÇý°æ ¿ª, ¿¡ÄÚ ¸®ºê¸£)¸¦ º¸ÀÚ.

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¿øÁ¦´Â <Owning Your Own Shadow: Understanding the Dark Side of the Psyche>(1991)ÀÌ´Ù.

¿ªÀÚÀÎ °íÇý°æ¾¾´Â ¿Å±äÀÌÀÇ ¸»¿¡¼­ "ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ µé¿©´Ùº¸°í ²¸¾È´Â ÀÛ¾÷Àº ¿ì¸® °¢ÀÚ¿¡°Ô ÁÖ¾îÁø <¿ª»çÀûÀÎ °úÁ¦>ÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸²ÀÚ °¨½Î¾È±â´Â ºÐ¸í °íÅ뽺·¯¿î µµÀüÀÌ µÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª <Àڱ⸦ ÀÌÇØ>Çϱâ À§Çؼ­´Â Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ¿äÇϸç <¼¼»óÀÇ ÆòÈ­>¸¦ À§Çؼ­µµ ÇÊ¿¬ÀûÀÎ ÀýÂ÷´Ù."¶ó°í ¸»Çϴµ¥ ¿Å±äÀÌÀÇ ¸»ÀÇ Å¸ÀÌƲÀº <ºû°ú ¾îµÎ¿ò, ±× âÁ¶Àû ÅëÇÕ>ÀÌ´Ù.

±×·¯¸é¼­ <¸ð¼ø¿¡¼­ ¿ª¼³·ÎÀÇ ÁøÈ­>¶ó´Â Ç¥ÇöÀ» ¾²°í ÀÖ´Ù. JohnsonÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀÇ ÇÙ½ÉÀε¥, ¸ð¼ø(Contradiction or Inconsistency)À̶õ <¼­·Î Ãæµ¹ÇÏ´Â Polarity(´ë±Ø)ÀÇ Á¸Àç»óȲ>À» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª¼³(Paradox)´Â ±×·¯ÇÑ ¸ð¼øÀÌ <âÁ¶ÀûÀ¸·Î ÅëÇÕ>µÈ »óȲÀÌ´Ù. Ç×»ó ³íÀïÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿ë¾îÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ÁýÁßÇϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â °³³ä¿¡ ÁýÁßÇØ Áֱ⸦ ¹Ù¶õ´Ù.

JohnsonÀº Ego¿Í Shadow°¡ ¾î¶² ¾ç»óÀÇ Self¸¦ ¸¸µå´Â°¡¸¦ ¼³¸íÇϸ鼭 ½Ã¼Ò(seesaw)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ³îÀÌÅÍ¿¡¼­ ³ë´Â ¾ÆÀ̵éÀÇ ±× ½Ã¼Ò¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ½Ã¼ÒÀÇ ¾çÂÊ¿¡ °¢°¢ Ego¿Í Shadow°¡ ³õÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥ »ç½Ç º°·Î »õ·Î¿ï °Ô ¾ø¾î º¸ÀδÙ. ±×·¯³ª JohnsonÀº Á¤¸» ³î¶ó¿î Á¦¾ÈÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.

"ÀÌ ½Ã¼Ò°ÔÀÓ¿¡ Àû¿ëµÇ´Â ºÒº¯ÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ Àִµ¥ ±×°ÍÀº ½Å(God)ÀÌ ºÎ¿©ÇÑ ¿ÂÀüÇÑ(Whole) ƯÁúÀº Çϳªµµ ¹ö¸± ¼ö ¾ø´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¿ÀÁ÷ ½Ã¼ÒÀÇ ÇÑÂÊ¿¡¼­ ´Ù¸¥ ÂÊÀ¸·Î ¿Å±â´Â °Í¸¸ °¡´ÉÇÏ´Ù." (25ÂÊ)

ÀÌ°ÍÀº JungÀÇ ½É¸®ÇÐÀ» ´Ü¹ø¿¡ ÀÌÇØÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â (¾Æ¸¶µµ °¡Àå ÁÁÀº) ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ(Frame)ÀÏ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. George LeonardÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ¾ð±ÞµÇ¾ú´ø <Ç×»ó¼º(Homeostasis)>°¡ JohnsonÀÇ Ã¥¿¡¼­µµ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ °°Àº ¸®ºä °ø°£À» ä¿ì°Ô µÈ ÀÌÀ¯À̱⵵ ÇÏÁö¸¸...

"¿ì¸® ¸öÀÌ Ç×»ó¼ºÀ» À¯ÁöÇÏ°í, »ê°ú ¾ËÄ®¸®ÀÇ ºñÀ²À» Á¶ÀýÇÏ°í, ±× ¹Û¿¡ ¼ö¸¹Àº ÆòÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇϵíÀÌ ½É¸®µµ ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±ÕÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸®´Â À°Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ±ÕÇüÀº ´ç¿¬ÇÏ°Ô ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̸鼭 ½É¸®Àû ±ÕÇü¿¡ ´ëÇؼ­´Â <ÀνÄÁ¶Â÷ ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ä> »ì¾Æ°£´Ù." (26ÂÊ)

Johnson¿¡ µû¸£¸é JungÀÌ ¹ß°ßÇÑ °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ ÅëÂû·Â °¡¿îµ¥ Çϳª´Â "¿ì¸® ÀǽÄÀÇ Æ¯ÁúÀÌ ´õ Á¤±³ÇØÁú¼ö·Ï ¹Ý´ëÆí¿¡´Â ´õ Å« ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µé°Ô µÈ´Ù"´Â °ÍÀ̶õ´Ù. (32ÂÊ)

<´ÞÀÎ>À» ´Ù·ç´Â LeonardÀÇ Ã¥°ú <ÀÚ±âÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ>¸¦ ´Ù·ç´Â JohnsonÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î µîÀåÇÏ´Â--Á¤¸» ³î¶ø°Ôµµ Çٽɰ³³ä¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î µîÀåÇÑ´Ù--¶Ç ÇϳªÀÇ Å°¿öµå´Â <¼ø¼ö õÀ缺>(Johnson, 33ÂÊ) ¶Ç´Â <Á¦2ÀÇ ¼øÁøÇÔ>(Leonard, 184ÂÊ)ÀÌ´Ù.

Leonard°¡ <Á¦2ÀÇ ¼øÁøÇÔ>À̶ó°í Ç¥ÇöÇÑ Æ¯ÁúÀº ½É¸®ÇÐÀÚ Abraham H. Maslow(Àΰ£¿å±¸ 5´Ü°è¼³ ÁÖÀå)°¡ <ÀáÀç·ÂÀÌ ºñ»óÇÏ°Ô ¶Ù¾î³­ »ç¶÷µéÀº °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ¾î¸°ÀÌó·³ ¼øÁøÇÑ Çൿ Ư¼ºÀ» º¸ÀδÙ>´Â Á¡À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°í ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇØ ºÙÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¾Ö½¶¸® ¸óű԰¡ Mozart³ª Einstein °°Àº õÀçµéÀ» ¼³¸íÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇß´ø Neoteny(¶æ-»õ·Ó°Ô ž) ¿ª½Ã ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀε¥ LeonardÀÇ Ã¥À» ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ÁÖ¿ä »ç»ó °¡¿îµ¥ ÇϳªÀÎ <¹Ùº¸½º·¯¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÚÀ¯>¸¦ ¸»ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

JohnsonÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇϴ õÀçÀû ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÇ Æ¯ÁúÀº "ÃÖÁ¾ »ê¹°ÀÎ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¢ÀÛÇ°¿¡ ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» Æ÷ÇÔ½ÃÄѼ­ ±×¸²ÀÚ(Shadow)ÀÇ ¿ä±¸¸¦ ÃæÁ·½ÃÅ°´Â ±¤ÀÇÀÇ Ã¢ÀÇ·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¼ø¼ö õÀ缺ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ¿¹¼úÀÛÇ°ÀǠƯÁúÀ» ÀüÀϼº(Wholeness), °Ç°­, ½Å¼ºÇÔÀ¸·Î µé ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÛÇ°ÀÇ »ý¸í·ÂÀº »ý±â°¡ ¾ø´Â ÀϹæÀûÀÎ ¼±(Goodness)À¸·Î Ç¥ÇöµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¿ì¸® Àΰ£¼ºÀÇ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Ãø¸éÀ» ´Ù Æ÷°ýÇÏ´Â µ¥¿¡¼­ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù. º»·¡ ¼ºÀÎ(Saint)ÀÇ Æ¯ÁúÀ̶õ ÀÌ·± °ÍÀÌ´Ù." (33ÂÊ)

»ç¶÷µéÀº ¼º°øÀ» ¹Ù¶ó°í ¿ÀÁ÷ ÁÁÀº °Í¸¸À» ¼ö¿ëÇÏ°í ½Í¾îÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ Àü¸Á¿¡ °üÇؼ­°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÇöÀç¿Í °ú°ÅÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡¼­µµ »çȸÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù°í ¿©°ÜÁö´Â °ÍµéÀº <öÀúÇÏ°Ô ÀºÆäÇÑ´Ù>. Jungµµ Johnsonµµ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ƯÁúÀ» µå·¯³»¶ó°í ¿ä±¸ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ´Ù¸¸ <ºÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö ¸»°í> ÀÖ´Â ±×´ë·Î <Á÷½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÎÁ¤Ç϶ó>, <¹Þ¾ÆµéÀ̶ó>´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÚ±âÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â »ç¶÷Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ³²¿¡°Ô Åõ»ç(Projection)ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾îÀÖ°í ±×°ÍÀº <(Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ) Àü°¡>¶ó´Â ÇüÅ·ΠÀÏ»ó¿¡ µîÀåÇÑ´Ù.

"±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ <Àü°¡>ÇÏ´Â ÃÖ¾ÇÀÇ »óÅ´ ºÎ¸ðÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô Áû¾îÁö°Ô ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. (Áß·«) ¸¸ÀÏ ºÎ¸ð°¡ ÀڽŵéÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¾î¸° Àڳ࿡°Ô ºÎ°¡ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, ÀÚ³àÀÇ ¸¶À½Àº <ºÐ¸®>µÈ´Ù. ÀÚ¾Æ¿Í ±×¸²ÀÚÀÇ <ÀüÅõ>°¡ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÚ³àµéÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ Ã»¼Ò³âµéÀÌ Áû¾îÁö´Â ±×¸²ÀÚº¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ Å« ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¼ºÀå±â¿¡ °¨´çÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×¸®°í À̵éÀÌ °áÈ¥À» ÇÏ¸é ´Ù½Ã ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ Àü°¡ÇÏ·Á µç´Ù. Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁË°¡ 3´ë¿¡ °ÉÃÄ À̾îÁö´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

¸¸ÀÏ ¿©·¯ºÐÀÌ ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼±¹°, Áï ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ »îÀ» »ì¾Æ°¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÃÖ´ëÇÑÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀ» ¿­¾îÁÖ°í ½Í´Ù¸é ÀÚ³àµé¿¡°Ô¼­ ÀÚ½Å(ºÎ¸ð)ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ´ú¾îÁÖ¶ó." (50ÂÊ)

JohnsonÀÇ Ã¥¿¡´Â "³»¸éÀÇ Ãµ±¹°ú Áö¿ÁÀ» Á÷¸éÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀ̾߸»·Î ÃÖ°íÀÇ Ã¢ÀÇ·ÂÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù"(56ÂÊ), "¿ì¸®°¡ ¿µ¿õÀ» ¼þ¹èÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¼øÀüÈ÷ ±×¸²ÀÚ ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù"(59ÂÊ), "ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ŸÀο¡°Ô Åõ»çÇÏ¸é µÎ °¡Áö ¸é¿¡¼­ À߸øµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ù°, ÀÚ±âÀÇ ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» ŸÀο¡°Ô Àü°¡ÇÏ¿© ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô Çظ¦ ³¢Ä£´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é Àڱ⠴ë½Å »ó´ë¹æÀÌ ¿µ¿õÀÌ µÇ¾îÁֱ⸦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ °æ¿ìµµ »ó´ë¿¡°Ô ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¹«°Å¿î ÁüÀ» Áö¿ì°Ô µÈ´Ù. µÑ°, Àڱ⠱׸²ÀÚ¸¦ ³»´øÁ®¹ö¸²À¸·Î½á ½º½º·Î ȲÆóÇØÁø´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô µÇ¸é ¿ì¸®´Â ¼ºÀå°ú º¯È­ÀÇ ±âȸ¸¦ »ó½ÇÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸ç, ȲȦ°æÀ» °æÇèÇÒ Áö·¿´ë(½Ã¼Ò)ÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ» ³õÄ¡°Ô µÈ´Ù."(64ÂÊ), "ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Ã¢Á¶Àû ÇàÀ§´Â ¿ÂÀüÇÑ(Whole) ½Çü¸¦ ÀνÄÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌÁö ºÎºÐÀûÀ¸·Î(Partially) ´ëÀÀÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ºûÀ» ¼±È£ÇÏ´Â ¿ì¸®µéÀÇ Åµµ´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ ´õ Å« ½Çü¸¦ º¸Áö ¸øÇÏ°í ´õ Å« ºñÀü(Vision)À» °®Áö ¸øÇÏ°Ô ÇÑ´Ù"(72ÂÊ) °°Àº ±¸Àýµµ ³ª¿Â´Ù.

<³¶¸¸Àû »ç¶û°ú °áÈ¥»ýÈ°¿¡¼­ÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ>µµ Àç¹ÌÀÖ´Â, ÇʼöÀûÀ¸·Î ¾Ë¾ÆµÎ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÁÖÁ¦ÀÌÁö¸¸ ±× ºÎºÐÀº Ã¥À» Á÷Á¢ Àо±æ ±ÇÇÑ´Ù. ¿ø·¡ ÀÌ ¸®ºä´Â Magnus LindkvistÀÇ Ã¥ <Everything We Know Is Wrong>¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®ºäÀÌ°í, µû¶ó¼­ <º¯È­>°¡ ÁÖ¿ä Å°¿öµå¿´´Ù. ÀÌÁ¦ <¼ºÀå°ú º¯È­ÀÇ ±âȸ> ±×¸®°í <´õ Å« ºñÀü>¿¡ ´ëÇØ À̾߱⸦ ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.

º¯È­, °³Çõ, Çõ¸í ¶Ç´Â Çõ½ÅÀ̶ó´Â ¿ë¾î°£ÀÇ ±¸º°ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀ̳Ĵ ÀÌ ¸®ºäÀÇ °ü½É»çÇ×ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶² ¼öÁØÀ̵簣¿¡ <¿Ö ½ÇÆÐÇϴ°¡?>¶ó´Â ¹®Á¦ÀǽÄÀÌ ÀÌ ¸®ºäÀÇ Ãâ¹ßÀÌÀÚ ¸¶Áö¸·ÀÌ´Ù.

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Jung ½É¸®Çаú JohnsonÀÇ Ã¥Àº ÀÌ¿¡ °üÇÑ ´äµµ Á¦½ÃÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ¾Õ¿¡¼­ ¿¹·Î µç ¿¹¼ú°¡ÀÇ Ã¢Á¶Àû ÇàÀ§°¡ ±×·¸´Ù. ¹°·Ð ¸ðµç »ç¶÷ÀÌ <¿¹¼ú°¡Ã³·³> ¼ÒÀ§ <ÀüÀ§ÀûÀÎ> »îÀ» »ì¾Æ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °Ç ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¶Ç <¿¹¼ú°¡>¶ó´Â Īȣ°¡ ¸ðµç °Í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ »ç¸éÀ» ¶æÇÏÁöµµ ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á¤¸» ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀº <¾îµÎ¿òÀÇ ½ÂÈ­>´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô 󸮵Ǵ°¡°¡ °³ÀÎÀÇ ±×¸®°í »çȸÀÇ ¼ºÆÐ¿Í ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â º¯È­ ±× ÀÚüÀÇ ¹Ì·¡¸¦ °áÁ¤Áþ´Â´Ù.

<½ÂÈ­>¶ó´Â ´Ü¾î°¡ ¾îÂãÁö¾ÊÀº <ŸÇù> ȤÀº <ºÀÇÕ>À» ¶æÇÑ´Ù°í »ý°¢Çß´Ù¸é Á¤¸» À߸øÀÌ´Ù. <º¯È­ ¸®´õÀÇ Á¶°Ç>À̶ó´Â °æ¿µÇÐÀÚÀÇ Ã¥µµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, º¯È­¿¡¼­ ¸®´õ°¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×¸¸Å­ º¯È­ ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º°¡ ½±Áö ¾Ê´Ù´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù. °æ¿µÇÐÀÚ´Â Á¶Á÷À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î À̾߱⸦ ÇÏ´Ï±î º¯È­ ¸®´õ¶ó´Â ¸»ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö¸¸, °³ÀÎÀÌ º¯È­ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù¸é ±× º¯È­ÀÇ ¸®´õ´Â ´©±¸Àϱî?

½ÂÈ­¶ó´Â ¸»µµ ±×·¸°í °³ÀÎÀÇ »î¿¡¼­ÀÇ º¯È­ ¸®´õ¶ó´Â °Íµµ ±×·¸Áö¸¸, ÀÌ·± ·ùÀÇ °³ÀÎÁÖÀÇÀûÀÌ°í ÀνķÐÀûÀÎ Á¢±Ù¹æ½Ä¿¡ ´ëÇØ ´ë´ÜÈ÷ ¸ø¸¶¶¥ÇØÇÏ°í °ÅºÎÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ¹°·Ð ±×µéÀÇ ¹®Á¦ÀǽÄÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °á±¹ ¿ì¸®´Â <³íÀï>ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó <°á°ú>°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» <±àÁ¤>ÇÏ°í ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÑ´Ù. º¯È­ÀÇ Çʿ伺µµ, ÀÌÀ¯µµ, ±×¸®°í ó¹æ±îÁöµµ ¸»ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ¸¹Àº º¯È­µéÀÌ ½ÇÆÐÇÑ´Ù´Â ¿ª»çÀûÀÌ°í ½ÇÁõÀûÀÎ »ç½ÇÀ» µÚÁýÀ» ¼ö´Â ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº º¯È­¿¡ ´ëÇÑ À߸øµÈ ÀÎ½Ä ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â À̺йýÀÌ º¯È­ÀÇ ½ÇÆи¦ À×ÅÂÇÑ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ¼±°ú ¾ÇÀ̶ó´Â µµ´öÀû ±¸ºÐÀÌ ¹«¿ëÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¹°·Ð ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹ýÀÇ ÁøÂ¥ ¹®Á¦´Â <ÁøÂ¥ ¹®Á¦>¸¦ ¼û±â´Â °Ô À¯¸®ÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ±¸Á¶ÀûÀÎ Â÷¿ø Áï À߸øµÈ À¯ÀÎü°è¸¦ °®´Â´Ù´Â ¾àÁ¡ÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.

º¯È­¸¦ °¡·Î¸·´Â °¡Àå Å« Àå¾Ö¹°Àº <Çü½ÄÁÖÀÇ>¿Í <À§¼±>ÀÌ´Ù. ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¸»ÇÏ¸é °¡Àå À§´ëÇÑ º¯È­´Â, ¾Æ´Ï ÀÛÀº º¯È­ÀÇ ¼º°øÁ¶Â÷µµ <¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔ>¿¡¼­ Ãâ¹ßÇÑ´Ù. Áü Äݸ°½º¿Í Á¦¸® Æ÷¶ó½º°¡ °øÀúÇÑ <Built To Last>¿¡´Â "´õ ¸Ö¸® °¡°í, ´õ ÀßÇÏ°í, »õ·Î¿î °¡´É¼ºÀ» âÁ¶ÇÏ·Á´Â ¿­Á¤Àº ¾î¶² ¿ÜÀûÀÎ Á¤´çÈ­¸¦ ÇÊ¿ä·Î ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ¹ßÀüÀ» ÇâÇÑ ¿­Á¤À» ÅëÇØ ºñÀü ±â¾÷Àº Àڱ⠺ñÆÇ°ú °­ÇÑ ÀڽۨÀ» ÇÔ²² º¸¿© ÁØ´Ù. (Áß·«) ¿ÜºÎ ¼¼°è°¡ ¿ä±¸Çϱ⿡ ¾Õ¼­ Àڱ⠺ñÆÇ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ½º½º·Î º¯È­ÇÏ°í °³¼±½ÃÄÑ ³ª°£´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ºñÀü ±â¾÷Àº ½º½º·Î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¤µ¶ÇÑ ºñÆÇÀÚ°¡ µÇ´Â ¼ÀÀÌ´Ù." (125ÂÊ)

³ª´Â °æ¿µÄÁ¼³ÅÏÆ®ÀÇ ±â¾÷°¡ÀûÀÎ °üÁ¡À» ¼ö¿ëÇ϶ó°í ÀçÃËÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ´ë½Å <¾îµÎ¿ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔ> ±×¸®°í <ÀÎÁ¤°ú ½ÂÈ­>¾ß¸»·Î º¯È­ÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. "º´Àº ³Î¸® ¼Ò¹®³»¶ó"´Â ¿¾¸»ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¸»ÀÇ ÃëÁö´Â ³Î¸® ÁÁÀº ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ±¸Ç϶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ AÀÇ º´À» BÀÇ º´À¸·Î µÐ°©Çؼ­ ³Î¸® ¼Ò¹®À» ³»¸é ¾û¶×ÇÑ ÀÏÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. ÀÇÇÐÀûÀÎ º´¿¡´Â ¾Æ¹«·± Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾øÀÌ ÁÁÀº ¹æ¾ÈÀ» ±¸ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ»Áö ¸ð¸£³ª, ´Ù¸¥ ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­´Â Á¤¹Ý´ëÀÇ Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ´Ù. 5W1H ¸ðµÎ°¡ ¿ø·¡ÀÇ Á¤È®ÇÑ ´ë»ó¿¡°Ô µ¹·ÁÁ®¾ß ÁøÂ¥ º¯È­°¡ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø´Ù. ÀÌ°ÍÀº JohnsonÀÌ Ã¥¿¡¼­ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ù·Î ±×°ÍÀÌ´Ù. Åõ»ç(Projection)À̳ª Ã¥ÀÓÀÇ Àü°¡´Â º¯È­ ±× ÀÌ»óÀÇ ½ÇÆзΠ±Í°áµÈ´Ù.

½É¸®Çаú °æ¿µÇÐ ±×¸®°í ±âŸÀÇ ¸¹Àº Ã¥µéÀ» Àо°í »ç¶÷µéÀÇ À̾߱⵵ µé¾îº»´Ù. »ç½Ç óÀ½¿¡ ¸»Çß´ø °Íó·³ »ç¶÷µéÀº º¯È­¿¡ °¥ÁõÀ» ´À³¢°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·³¿¡µµ °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î º¯È­¿¡ ÀÌÁßÀûÀΠŵµ¸¦ º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÇ´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â <¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÑ> ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. JungÀÌ Wholeness¸¦ ÅëÇؼ­ ¸»ÇÏ°íÀÚ Çß´ø °Íó·³, Àüü¸¦ ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß º¯È­ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀϺθ¸, ƯÈ÷ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ °¨´çÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÆÇ´ÜÇÏ´Â ºÎºÐ¸¸À» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÏ·Á°í Çϸé <¹Ýµå½Ã ½ÇÆÐ>ÇÑ´Ù. George LeonardÀÇ ¿µ°¨ÀÌ °¡µæÇÑ ÇÑ ¹®ÀåÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸®ºä¸¦ ¸ÎÀ»±î ÇÑ´Ù.

 

"½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ ÀϺΰ¡ º¯ÇÏ·Á¸é ½Ã½ºÅÛÀÇ Àüü°¡ º¯È­ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù." (123ÂÊ)

 

99.9%ÀÇ Áø½ÇÀº Áø½ÇÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. °¡Â¥ÀÎ 0.1%°¡ ´©±º°¡¸¦ Á×ÀÏ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ´©±º°¡°¡ ¹Ù·Î ¿©·¯ºÐ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ µÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇϹ°¸ç ³óµµ 9%Â¥¸® ¼ÖÁ÷ÇÔÀ» ³»¼¼¿ì¸é ¸ÁÇÑ´Ù. ±×·± ±î´ß¿¡ º¯È­´Â <À§´ëÇÑ °á´Ü>ÀÇ °á°ú¹°ÀÏ »ÓÀÌ´Ù.

Magnus LindkvistÀÇ Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸®ºä´Â Á¦2ºÎ¿¡¼­...

 

 

 

Âü°í¿ë ±¸Àý

"ºÎÁ¤ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ» ÀÎÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù´Â °ÍÀº ¿ì´Â(Crying) ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Ç϶ó´Â °Ô ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, Áø½Ç°ú ´ë¸éÇØ ¿òÁ÷À̶ó´Â ¶æÀÌ´Ù." (Leonard, 134ÂÊ)

 

"Àª ½´Ã÷ ¹Ú»ç¿¡ µû¸£¸é 'Áø½ÇÀ» ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Íº¸´Ù Çù·Â ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ³ô¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀÏÀº ¾ø´Ù.' (Áß·«) ¾î¶² ȸ»çÀÇ º¸°í¿¡ µû¸£¸é 1½Ã°£ 30ºÐ ÇÏ´ø ¹ÌÆÃ(ȸÀÇ)À» ÀÌÁ¦´Â 20ºÐ¿¡ ³¡³½´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. Áï '¸»ÇÏ°í ½ÍÀº °Í¸¸ ¸»ÇÏ¸ç ¹º°¡¸¦ ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸·Á°í ½Ã°£°ú ¿¡³ÊÁö¸¦ ¼ÒºñÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.' °ÅÁþ¸»°ú ºñ¹ÐÀº Á¶Á÷¿¡¼­´Â µ¶¾àÀÌ´Ù. À¯¿ëÇÏ°Ô ½á¾ß ÇÒ ¿¡³ÊÁö°¡ ¼ÓÀÌ°í, ¼û±â°í, ´©±¸¿¡°Ô ¸»ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ¾²¿©Áö±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. »ç¶÷µéÀÌ Áø½ÇÀ» ¸»Çϱ⠽ÃÀÛÇÏ¸é ½Ç¼öµµ ÁÙ¾îµé°í »ý»ê¼ºÀº ´Ã¾î³­´Ù." (Leonard, 135ÂÊ)

 

"±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î Çعæ(Liberty)Àº ÇÑ°èÀÇ ¼ö¿ëÀ» ÅëÇؼ­¸¸ ¼ºÃëµÈ´Ù." (Leonard, 138ÂÊ)

 

"»ç½Ç»ó ¼¼°èÀÇ ¸¹Àº ħü¿Í ºÒ¸¸Á·, ±×¸®°í ½ÉÁö¾î ¹üÁË¿Í ÀüÀïÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÏ´Â ¾ÇÇÑ ÇàÀ§µéµµ ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº ¿¡³ÊÁö, ¹ß»êµÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÀáÀç·Â¿¡¼­ ±× ¿øÀÎÀ» ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù." (Leonard, 141ÂÊ)

 

"Á¢½Ã ´Û´Â ÀÏÀ» ¿¹·Î µé¾îº¸ÀÚ. À̸¦ ¼­µÑ·¯ µÇ´Â ´ë·Î ÇØÄ¡¿ï ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÁÖµÈ ¸ñÀûÀº °¡´ÉÇÏ¸é »¡¸® ÀÌ°ÍÀ» ³¡³»´Â °ÍÀ̱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö¸¸ ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â À̸¦ ¸í»óÀ̳ª ¹«¿ëó·³ ÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. (Áß·«) ¼º±ÞÇÑ ÇൿÀ» »ï°¡´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÏÀ» ³¡³»°í ´Ù¸¥ °ÍÀ» ÇÒ ¶§µµ ±× ¼ø°£°ú ±× ¼ø°£ ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Â ÀÏ¿¡ <¸ôµÎ>ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¹«¾ùº¸´Ù ¼­µÎ¸£Áö ¸»¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù º¸¸é ¼­µÎ¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Æµµ º¸Åë ¶§º¸´Ù ÈξÀ »¡¸® ÀÏÀ» ³¡³¾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ±×·± ±ú´ÞÀ½À» ¾ò°í ³ª¸é ÀÏÀÌ ³¡³µÀ» ¶§ ±âºÐÀÌ ÁÁ¾ÆÁú È®·üµµ ³ô¾Æ Áø´Ù.

¿ì¸® ÀλýÀº ¼­µÎ¸£Áö ¾Ê´Â ´ÞÀÎÀÇ ¸®µëÀ» ÈÆ·ÃÇÒ ±âȸµé·Î °¡µæÇÏ´Ù. ÀÌ ±âȸµéÀº ¼º°úº¸´Ù´Â °úÁ¤¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡À» ¸ÂÃá´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ª¼³ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ¸®µëÀº ¿ì¸® »çȸÀÇ Ç¥ÁØÀÎ ¼­µÎ¸£°í ¸ñÇ¥ÁöÇâÀûÀÎ ¸®µëº¸´Ùµµ ªÀº ½Ã°£¿¡ ´õ ¸¹°í ´õ ³ªÀº ¼º°ú¸¦ âÃâÇÑ´Ù." (Leonard, 156-7ÂÊ)

 

"±×¸®°í °á±¹ ¿ì¸® »îÀÇ ¸ðµç ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ´Â ¿µ¿ª¿¡¼­ °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ ¹è¿ò°ú ¹ßÀüÀº <Á¤Ã¼»óÅÂ>¿¡¼­ ÀϾ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¹ß°ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù." (Leonard, 158ÂÊ)

 

"¾Æ¹«¸® °èȹÀ» Àß ¼¼¿öµµ Àλý¿¡´Â ´Ã °©ÀÛ½º·¯¿î Ãæ°ÝÀÌ ´ÚÃĿ´Ù. ±×°Íµµ °ÅÀÇ ¿¹»óÄ¡ ¸øÇÑ ¼ø°£¿¡ ´Ù°¡¿Â´Ù. ÁÁ¾ÆÇÏ´Â º¸¼®À» ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®´Â ÀϺÎÅÍ, »ç¶ûÇÏ´Â ¾ÆÀ̸¦ ÀÒ¾î¹ö¸®´Â ÀÏ, Á÷Àå¿¡¼­ ÇØ°í¸¦ ´çÇÏ´Â ÀÏ, Ä£±¸¿Í Çì¾îÁö´Â ÀÏ, ÀÌ ¸ðµÎ°¡ ½É¸®Àû, À°Ã¼Àû Ÿ°ÝÀ» ³²±ä´Ù. ´õ·¯ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸Í¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÌ ºÒÇàµé°ú ¸Â¼­ ½Î¿ìÁö¸¸ °á°úÀûÀ¸·Î ±× ºÒÇà¿¡ Èû¸¸ ½Ç¾îÁÖ°í ¸¸´Ù. ¸¶À½À» ±»°Ô ¸Ô°í °íÅë°ú Ãæ°ÝÀ» <ºÎÀÎ>ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¸¶Âù°¡Áö´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº ¿ì¸®ÀÇ '¸ðµç' °¨Á¤À» ¾ï´­·¯ Ÿ°Ý ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ Ãø¸é±îÁö ºÀ¼âÇØ ¹ö¸°´Ù. (Áß·«) ¿ì¸®¸¦ ³«´ã½ÃŲ ¾î¶² ºÒÇ൵ °á±¹ ±àÁ¤ÀûÀÎ ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î ÀüȯµÉ <°¡´É¼º>ÀÌ ÀÖÀ½À» »ý°¢ÇØ º»´Ù." (Leonard, 169-171ÂÊ)

 

"'Èû'À̶ó´Â ¸»Àº 'ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù'´Â ¸»¿¡¼­ ÆÄ»ýµÇ¾ú´Ù. ÀÌ ´É·ÂÀº ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷À» Áö¹èÇÏ´Â µ¥ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ½º½º·ÎÀÇ ÀáÀç·ÂÀ» ½ÇÇöÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÌ¿ëµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¾î¶² °æ¿ì¿¡µç ÈûÀº ÀÌ¿Ï°ú ±ä¹ÐÇÏ°Ô °ü·ÃµÈ´Ù. ±ÙÀ°µµ ±äÀåÀ» Çϸé ÈûÀ» ÀÒ°Ô µÇµíÀÌ, °æÁ÷µÇ°í ±äÀåÇÑ Åµµ´Â °á±¹¿¡ ½ÇÆи¦ ºÒ·¯¿Â´Ù." (Leonard, 173-4ÂÊ)

 

"'¸»ÇØÁֽÿÀ. ¾î¶»°Ô ÇÏ¸é ¹è¿ì´Â ÀÌ°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´ÂÁö.'

³» ¸¶À½Àº ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ÅÖ ºñ¾î¹ö·È´Ù. ³ª´Â ±×Àú '¾ÆÁÖ °£´ÜÇÕ´Ï´Ù. <±â²¨ÀÌ ¹Ùº¸°¡ µÇ±â¸¸ ÇÏ¸é µË´Ï´Ù>'¶ó°í Çß´Ù." (Leonard, 181ÂÊ)

 

"Á¾±³(Religion)¶õ ´Ü¾î´Â ´Ù½Ã ¿¬°áÇÏ°í, ¿øõ°ú ÇϳªµÇ´Â »óÅ·Πµ¹¾Æ°¡¸ç, ºÐ¸®µÈ »óó¸¦ Ä¡À¯ÇÑ´Ù´Â Àǹ̰¡ ³»Æ÷µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. µ¿¹°ÀûÀÎ »óÅ¿¡¼­ ¹þ¾î³ª ¿ì¸® ÀÚ½ÅÀ» °í¾ç½ÃÅ°´Â ¹®¸íÈ­ °úÁ¤Àº ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ºÐ¿­µÇ°í ¼Ò¿ÜµÈ ¼¼°è¸¦ ´Ù½Ã Çϳª·Î ¿¬°áÇÏ´Â ¿µÀûÀÎ °úÁ¦ ¶ÇÇÑ ±×¿¡ ¸øÁö ¾Ê°Ô Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.

±×·¡¼­ ¿ì¸®´Â ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¸¸µé¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¹®¸íÀÌ Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ¹®¸íÀ» ÀÌ·èÇÑ ´ÙÀ½¿¡´Â ¹®È­°¡ Ç¥¹æÇÏ´Â ÀÌ»ó°ú ´ö¸ñ ¶§¹®¿¡ »ó½ÇÇÏ°Ô µÈ ÀüÀϼº(Wholeness)À» µÇã¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ³ë·ÂÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ¿ì¸®´Â °è¼ÓÇؼ­ ºÐ¸®µÈ »óÅ·Π»ì¾Æ°¡°Ô µÇ¸ç, ÁøÈ­°¡ °ÅµìµÉ¼ö·Ï ºÐ¸®·Î ÀÎÇÑ °íÅëÀº ´õ¿í Ä¿Áú °ÍÀÌ´Ù." (Johnson, 23ÂÊ)

 

"ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Æ¯Áú Áß¿¡¼­ ¾îµÎ¿î ¸éÀ» ºÎÁ¤ÇÏ°í °ÅºÎÇϸé Àڽŵµ ¸ð¸£´Â »çÀÌ ³»¸éÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ °÷¿¡ ±× ¾îµÎ¿òÀÌ <ÀúÀåµÇ°í ÃàÀûµÈ´Ù.> ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â ¿ì¿ïÇÑ ±âºÐ, À°Ã¼Àû ½É¸®Àû Áúº´, ȤÀº ¹«ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î °í¹«µÈ »ç°ÇÀ̳ª »ç°í·Î ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ºûÀº ¼þ¹èÇÏ°í ¾îµÎ¿òÀ» °ÅºÎÇÏ¿© ÃàÀûµÈ ¸éµéÀÌ ÇöÀç ¿ì¸® »çȸ Àüü¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·± ÀÜÀç°¡ ¹Ù·Î Á¤ÀïÀ̳ª °æÁ¦Àû È¥¶õ, Æľ÷, ±×¸®°í ÀÎÁ¾Â÷º° µîÀ¸·Î <µå·¯³­´Ù.> ¾î¶² ½Å¹®À̵ç 1¸éÀº <Áý´ÜÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ>¸¦ ¿ì¸®µé¿¡°Ô ´øÁ®ÁÖ´Â ÀåÀÌ µÈ´Ù. (Áß·«) ÆÄ¿­µÈ ¿ì¸® ¼¼°è¸¦ Ä¡À¯ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¹Þ¾ÆµéÀÏ ¿ë±â¿Í ÅëÂûÀ» Áö´Ñ °³°³ÀÎÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿî¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Àηù ³»¸é¿¡ Åõ»ç(Projection)ÀÇ ±âÁ¦°¡ °­ÇÏ°Ô ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¸é ¿ÜºÎ¿¡¼­ µµ¿ÍÁÙ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ¹«°Íµµ ¾ø°Ô µÈ´Ù. Çö´ë ½É¸®ÀÇ °¡Àå À§ÇèÇÑ ¸éÀº ¹Ù·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ¸¦ ¿ì¸®°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ '±×µé', Áï ÀÌ¿ôÀ̳ª ´Ù¸¥ ¹ÎÁ·, ȤÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¹®È­¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼­ ¹ß°ßÇÏ·Á´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±× °á°ú Áö³­ ¼¼±â¿¡ ¼¼°è´ëÀüÀÌ µÎ Â÷·Ê³ª ¹ß¹ßÇؼ­ Çö´ë¼¼°è°¡ ÀÌ·èÇÑ °¡Àå ¼ÒÁßÇÑ °ÍµéÀ» ¼ÛµÎ¸®Â° Æı«Çß´Ù.

´©±¸³ª °³ÀÎÀûÀ¸·Î´Â ÀüÀïÀ» ºñ³­ÇÏÁö¸¸ <Áý´Ü>ÀÌ µÇ¸é ÀüÀïÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°´Â ÂÊ¿¡ Âù¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ·± Æı«¿Í È¥¶õÀ» ÃÊ·¡ÇÑ ÁÖü´Â ±«¹° °°Àº ÀÌ»óÇÑ Á¸ÀçµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó <Áý´ÜÀÇ ±×¸²ÀÚ>¿´°í, ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ ¿¹¿Ü ¾øÀÌ ±×¸²ÀÚ Çü¼º¿¡ <±â¿©Çß´Ù.>" (Johnson, 42-3ÂÊ)

 

"À¶ÀÌ ÁöÀûÇϱ⸦, 1, 2Â÷ ¼¼°è´ëÀü°ú °°Àº ±æ°í º¹ÀâÇÑ ÀüÀïÀ» ¹úÀÌ·Á¸é ¼¼·ÃµÇ°í ±Ô¹üÈ­µÈ »çȸ°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ÀüÅõ¸¦ °íµµ·Î ¹ß´Þ½ÃŲ °ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î <¹®¸íÈ­µÈ ¿ì¸®µé>ÀÌ´Ù. À§´ëÇÑ ¹®¸íÀ» ÀÌ·èÇϸé ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ±× ÀÚüÀÇ Æı«¼ºµµ Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù." (Johnson, 45-6ÂÊ)

 

°¨Ãß¾îÁø ºÎºÐ, º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÍÀÇ Á߿伺¿¡ °üÇؼ­

"¿µÈ­ÀÇ °íÀüÀÎ <¹Ù¶÷°ú ÇÔ²² »ç¶óÁö´Ù>¸¦ ÃÔ¿µÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È ¸¹Àº È¥¶õÀÌ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ´ë¿¬È¸ Àå¸éÀ» ÂïÀ» ¶§ µéÀÎ ÁöÃâÀ» ³õ°í ¹ú¾îÁø ¼Òµ¿¸¸Å­ Àü¼³ÀûÀÎ À̾߱â´Â ¾ø´Ù. ºòÅÍ Ç÷¹¹Ö(Victor Fleming) °¨µ¶ÀÌ ´ë¿¬È¸ Àå¸éÀ» À§ÇØ ÁÖ¹®ÇÑ ½ÇÅ© ¼ÓÄ¡¸¶ °ª ¼öõ ´Þ·¯°¡ Á¦ÀÛÀÚÀÎ µ¥À̺ñµå ¼¿Áî´Ð(David Selznick) ¾ÕÀ¸·Î û±¸µÆÀ» ¶© ÀÌ¹Ì ¿¹»êÀÌ ÇѰ踦 ³ÑÀº »óÅ¿´´Ù. Ä«¸Þ¶ó ¾Þ±ÛÀÌ ¾îµð¿¡ ¸ÂÃçÁö´ÂÁö ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´ø ¼¿Áî´ÐÀº ¸Ó¸®³¡±îÁö È­°¡ ³ª¼­ Ç÷¹¹Ö¿¡°Ô ´Þ·Á°¡ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ Áú·¶´Ù. '¹¹¾ß, ½ÇÅ© ¼ÓÄ¡¸¶¶ó°í! °ü°´Àº ±× ¼ÓÄ¡¸¶¸¦ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø¾î. ±× Àå¸éÀº ¸ðµÎ Ç㸮 À§¸¸ Àâ´Â °ÅÀݾÆ!'

Ç÷¹¹ÖÀÌ ¸»Çß´Ù. '±×·¡¿ä, ¸ðµÎ Ç㸮 À§¸¸ ÀâÁÒ. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °ü°´µéÀº Ãã Ãß´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÇ ´« ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ½ÇÅ©¸¦ º¸°Ô µÉ °Å¿¡¿ä.'" (339ÂÊ)

David S. Pottruck, Terry Pearce °øÀú, <CLICKS AND MORTAR: PASSION-DRIVEN GROWTH IN AN INTERNET DRIVEN WORLD>(2000) Çѱ۹ø¿ªº» <Ŭ¸¯ ¾Ø ¸ð¸£Å¸¸£>(±¸º»¼º ¿ª, 2000, ¼¼Á¾¼­Àû)

 

 






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