머리말 Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. Transport is important because it enables trade between people, which is essential for the development of civilizations. Transportation is arguably the backbone of urban life; without it, activities in metropolitan cities grind to a halt. Transportation is also the source of many seemingly intractable urban problems, namely, congestion, pollution, in-equality, accidents, and reliance on fossil fuels. This first edition of Metropolitan Transport Problems and Policy sustains the fundamental content of argument that informed the book's previous core subjects: how citizens and policy-makers conceptualize a problem informs how they go about studying and analyzing it, and analysis, in turn, informs policy formulation, decision making, and ultimately the shape of the urban transportation system itself. The metropolitan transportation problem is no longer conceived of simply as congestion; questions of environmental management and citizen participation, among others, have been placed firmly on the mainstream transportation agenda. In this first edition, I trace out how this shift in thinking has altered the nature of urban transport planning process, changed the policy context, and enlarged the scope for citizen input. This book is aimed at advanced undergraduates and beginning graduate students. This edition retains a basic three-part structure. The first part sets the scene by explaining basic concepts, providing overviews of passenger movements in the urban context. The second part introduces students to the public transportation systems and provides an overview of transport demand management in the urban context. In the final part, each chapter takes up a pressing policy issue-parking, safety, environment, greenway and high-speed rail. This book has a sharper focus on policy. I have achieved this altered emphasis by refocusing the contents of each chapter. Metropolitan Transport Problems and Policy encourages students to see the links among problem formulation, research design, analytical approach and planning decisions. I hope that students can appreciate how the current metropolitan transport planning and policy can be understood in a large part as the outcome of policy choices, themselves a result of how planners, citizens, business, and elected officials have conceptualized problems, envisioned solutions, and taken action. And I hope that understanding will enable students to imagine-and actively work as-new transportation planners. Thanks are due to many. First and foremost I thank the persons concerned of Chonnam National University (CNU), who provided me with a wonderful chance to publish this book. I am also grateful to Alan Brown, who edited the first two rounds of Metropolitan Transport Problems and Policy. Finally I would like to express my thanks to graduates under my supervision and fellow professors in CNU. I would like to dedicate this book to my wife, J. Han and to my son, E. Jeong. I will give thanks to the Lord because of His righteousness and will sing praise to the name of the Lord Most High. Bonghyun Jeong

Preface / 4 List of Abbreviations / 6 Chapter 01 The Context of Urban Transport / 17 Chapter 02 Development and Transport Problems of Gwangju / 49 Chapter 03 Bus Transit Problems and Policy / 73 Chapter 04 Urban Metro Problems and Policy/ 99 Chapter 05 Transport Demand Management Policy / 123 Chapter 06 Urban Parking Problems and Policy / 153 Chapter 07 Road Traffic Accidents and Safety Policy / 183 Chapter 08 Bicycle Transport Problems and Policy / 211 Chapter 09 Sustainable Transport Problems and Policy / 235 Chapter 10 Greenway Planning and Policy / 265 Chapter 11 High Speed Rail and Transport Policy / 291

Chapter 1 The Context of Urban Transport 1. Transportation and Transport Mode 1.1. Concept of Urban Transportation Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one location to another. The urban transport system provides access and mobility for people and goods, linking origins and destinations both internal and external to the urban area. It has many elements, such as public transport, non-motorized transport (pedestrians, cyclists), freight and business traffic, and motorized private traffic. These transport services in combination cover a range of important social and economic activities. The activities include leisure trips, business journeys, commuting, shopping, trips to schools, and freight transportation. The targeted objectives for urban transport are to fulfil the demand for accessibility with an efficient and quality service, while at the same time promoting sustainable patterns and levels of traffic that take account of economic, social, environmental and safety concerns. Modes of urban transport include urban rail, road and space. The field can be divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operation. Transport is important since it enables trade between peoples, which is in turn essential for the development of civilizations. Infrastructure is basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society or enterprise, or the services and facilities necessary for an economy to function. Urban transportation infrastructure include road and highway networks, mass transit systems, railways, bicycle paths and pedestrian walkways. Urban transport infrastructure consists of the fixed installations necessary for transport, and may be roads, railways, terminals (railway stations, bus stations, trucking terminals), bicycle paths, and pedestrian walkways. Terminals can be used both for the interchange of passengers and cargo and for maintenance. A vehicle is a device that is designed and used to transport people or cargo. Vehicles travelling on these networks are manufactured, and may include automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, and trucks. Operations deal with the way the vehicles are operated, and the procedures set for this purpose including financing, legalities and policies. In the urban transport industry, operations and ownership of infrastructure can be either public or private, depending the country and mode. Passenger transport may be public, where operators provide scheduled services, or private. Freight transport has become focused on containerization, although bulk transport is used for large volumes of durable items. Transport plays an important part in economic growth and globalization, but most types cause air pollution and use large amounts of land. While it is heavily subsidized by governments, good planning of transport is essential to make traffic flow, and restrain urban sprawl. 1.2. Urban Transport Mode A mode of transport is a solution that makes use of a particular type of vehicle, infrastructure and operation. The transport of a person or of cargo may involve one mode, or several modes, with the latter case being called intermodal or multimodal transport. Each mode has its advantages and disadvantages, and will be chosen on the basis of cost, capability, route, and speed. Major urban transport modes consist of road transport and rail transport. A road is an identifiable route, way, or path between two or more places. Roads are typically smoothed, paved, or otherwise prepared to allow easy travel. In urban areas, roads may pass through a city or village and be named as streets, serving a dual function as urban space easement and route. The most common road vehicle is the automobile; a wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. Other users of roads include buses, trucks, motorcycles, bicycles and pedestrians. Automobiles offer high flexibility and with low capacity, but are high energy and area users,