004 Preface 008 Introduction to Polar Regions and Sea Ice 010 Ice Mechanics and Polar Engineering 014 Diminishing Polar Sea Ice and Climate Change 016 Formation and Development of Sea Ice 020 Research Sites of Polar Sea Ice Part 1. 030 Early Stages of Sea Ice Formation 032 Frazil Ice 036 Sponge Ice 038 Grease ice 042 Nilas 044 Rafting Ice 050 Pancake Ice 060 Ice in Waves Part 2. 064 Development of Pack Ice 066 Land Fast Ice 068 Level Ice and Ice Floe 076 First-year Ice 078 Multi-year Ice 082 Ice Ridges 086 Melting Ponds on Sea Ice 090 Aerial View of Pack Ice 096 Unusual Colors and Shapes of Sea Ice Part 3. 102 Land-based Ice and Icebergs 104 Glacial Ice on Land 114 Ice Shelves 120 Icebergs 134 Unusual Features of Iceberg Part 4. 140 Icebreaking Patterns 142 Cracks in Ice 146 Broken Pieces and Cusps 150 Ice Channels Part 5. 154 Experimental Activities on Sea Ice 156 Coring and Measuring Ice Properties 160 Icebreaking Research Vessel ARAON 162 Activities Using Helicopters and Snowmobiles Part 6. 166 Animals on Sea Ice 168 Svalbard Reindeer 170 Polar Bears 174 Antarctic Seals 176 Penguins 180 Terminology 183 References 184 Index