Part 01 미시경제학의 기초 01 경제학······································································· 4 Ⅰ 의의······································································ 4 Ⅱ 경제문제······························································ 4 Ⅲ 균형(equilibrium) ·············································· 6 Ⅳ 선택(choice) ······················································· 7 02 경제학의 방법론·················································· 16 Ⅰ 횡틀 : 시장과 정부············································ 16 Ⅱ 순환틀································································· 17 Ⅲ 경제모형(경제이론) ··········································· 18 Part 02 시장 균형(완전경쟁시장) 01 시장········································································· 24 Ⅰ 의의·····································································24 Ⅱ 유형···································································· 24 02 시장균형의 중요성············································· 25 03 시장수요곡선······················································· 25 Ⅰ 의의···································································· 25 Ⅱ 수요의 법칙(law of demand) ························ 29 Ⅲ 수요의 가격탄력성(price elasticity of demand) ···31 Ⅳ 수요의 소득탄력성(income elasticity of demand) ···42 Ⅴ 수요의 교차탄력성(cross elasticity of demand) ·44 04 시장공급곡선······················································· 47 Ⅰ 의의···································································· 47 Ⅱ 공급의 법칙······················································· 50 Ⅲ 공급의 가격탄력성··········································· 50 05 시장균형······························································· 55 Ⅰ 의의···································································· 55 Ⅱ 균형의 존재성··················································· 57 Ⅲ 균형의 유일성··················································· 57 Ⅳ 균형의 안정성················································· 58 Ⅴ 균형의 효율성, 공평성 : 미시························ 61 Ⅵ 균형의 안정, 성장 : 거시······························· 63 06 정책······································································ 64 Ⅰ 물품세 부과의 효과········································ 64 Ⅱ 보조금 지급의 효과········································ 74 Ⅲ 가격규제의 효과·············································· 77 Ⅳ 농산물의 가격 파동········································ 86 Ⅴ 농민의 소득증대정책 비교····························· 87 Ⅵ 마약과의 전쟁················································· 90 Part 03 소비자 선택이론 01 소비자 선택이론의 중요성····························· 94 02 소비자 선택이론의 의의································ 94 03 소비자의 목표··················································· 95 Ⅰ 상품묶음(commodity bundle) ····················· 95 Ⅱ 소비자의 선호체계(preference system) ··········· 95 Ⅲ 효용함수(utility function) ······························ 96 Ⅳ 무차별곡선(indifference curve) : 주관적 ············· 101 04 소비자의 제약················································· 108 Ⅰ 의의································································ 108 Ⅱ 예산선의 절편··············································· 109 Ⅲ 예산선의 기울기(재화의 상대가격) ·············· 110 Ⅳ 소득의 변화와 예산선··································· 110 Ⅴ 가격의 변화의 예산선···································· 111 Ⅵ 복합재(composite goods)와 예산선·········· 113 Ⅶ 예외적인 예산선············································ 115 05 소비자의 선택 ················································· 118 Ⅰ 의의································································· 118 Ⅱ 효용극대화의 조건 ······································· 119 Ⅲ 예외적인 선택··············································· 121 Ⅳ 선택 변화·························································· 123 06 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 124 Ⅰ 소득소비곡선(Income Consumption Curve : ) ····· 124 Ⅱ 엥겔곡선(Engel curve) ·································· 124 Ⅲ 상품의 성격 : 소득소비 곡선과 엥겔곡선····· 124 07 가격변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 129 Ⅰ 가격소비곡선(price consumption curve : ) ······ 129 Ⅱ 보통수요곡선(ordinary demand curve) ····· 129 Ⅲ 상품의 성격과 가격소비곡선·························· 129 Ⅳ 가격효과와 보통수요곡선································ 131 Ⅴ 대체효과와 보상수요곡선······························· 137 Ⅵ 간접효용함수와 지출함수······························· 143 08 효용함수와 소득변화, 가격변화··················· 145 Ⅰ C-D 효용함수················································· 145 Ⅱ 준선형(quasi linear) 효용함수······················ 145 Ⅲ 완전보완 효용함수······················ 146 Ⅳ 선형(완전대체) 효용함수································ 146 Part 04 소비자 선택이론의 응용 01 부존소득과 소비자의 선택······························ 150 Ⅰ 모형설정··························································· 150 Ⅱ 가격변화와 소비자의 최적선택······················· 151 02 시점간 소비자 선택모형·································· 155 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 155 Ⅱ 모형설정··························································· 155 Ⅲ 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화······················ 157 Ⅳ 이자율 상승과 소비자의 선택변화················· 158 03 소비자의 선택과 노동공급····························· 163 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 163 Ⅱ 가정··································································· 163 Ⅲ 예산선······························································· 163 Ⅳ 무차별곡선······················································· 166 Ⅴ 최초 선택·························································· 166 Ⅵ 선택변화와 노동공급······································· 167 Ⅶ 재분배정책과 노동공급···································· 171 04 재분배정책과 소비자의 선택························· 176 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 176 Ⅱ 현금보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176 Ⅲ 현물보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176 Ⅳ 가격보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ··········· 177 Ⅴ 현금보조와 현물보조의 비교·························· 178 Ⅵ 현금보조와 가격보조의 비교·························· 179 05 조세와 소비자의 선택······································· 181 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 181 Ⅱ 소득세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181 Ⅲ 물품세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181 Ⅳ 소득세와 물품세 비교····································· 182 Ⅴ 휘발유세 인상과 자동차세 인하의 효과 ·············· 183 06 소비자의 선택과 현시선호이론····················· 186 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 186 Ⅱ 중요성······························································· 186 Ⅲ 현시선호이론의 기본가정······························· 186 Ⅳ 현시선호이론과 생활수준 변화의 평가·········· 191 07 소비자의 선택과 지수(index)문제·············· 193 Ⅰ 지수의 의의······················································ 193 Ⅱ 지수의 중요성·················································· 193 Ⅲ 지수의 유형······················································ 193 Ⅳ 지수와 소비자의 생활수준 개선여부············· 196 08 네트워크 효과(network effect) ················ 200 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 200 Ⅱ 편승효과(bandwagon effect) ······················ 200 Ⅲ 기피효과(snob effect) ··································· 200 09 불확실성과 소비자의 선택····························· 202 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 202 Ⅱ 불확실성과 선택기준······································ 203 Ⅲ 조건부 상품이론 : 보험시장·························· 204 Ⅳ 조건부 상품이론 : 도박시장··························· 215 Ⅴ 기대효용이론 : 보험시장································ 218 Ⅵ 기대효용이론 : 복권시장································ 229 Ⅶ 자산선택이론(portfolio selection theory) ·············· 231 Part 05 생산자 선택이론 01 생산자 선택이론의 중요성······························ 238 02 생산자 선택이론의 의의································· 238 03 생산자의 목표···················································· 239 Ⅰ 이윤 극대화····················································· 239 Ⅱ 이윤 극대화 가설에 대한 대체가설··············· 242 04 생산자의 제약··················································· 246 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 246 Ⅱ 수입제약·························································· 246 Ⅲ 비용제약·························································· 249 Ⅳ 단기생산함수와 단기비용함수······················· 255 Ⅴ 장기생산함수와 장기비용함수······················· 262 Ⅵ 범위의 경제······················································ 275 05 생산자의 선택···················································· 278 Ⅰ 중요성······························································· 278 Ⅱ 상품이 1개인 생산자의 이윤극대화··············· 278 Ⅲ 상품이 2개인 생산자의 이윤극대화·············· 279 06 생산자의 선택변화··········································· 283 Ⅰ 가격변화와 생산자의 선택변화····················· 283 Ⅱ 기술진보와 공급곡선······································ 284 Ⅲ 생산요소의 가격변화와 공급곡선·················· 287 Part 06 완전경쟁시장 01 완전경쟁시장의 중요성·································· 292 02 완전경쟁시장의 의의······································· 292 Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장(perfect competition market) ·········· 292 Ⅱ 완전경쟁시장의 특성(기업 입장) ··················· 293 03 단기균형······························································ 295 Ⅰ 단기 의의························································· 295 Ⅱ 개별 기업의 단기공급곡선····························· 295 Ⅲ 완전경쟁시장의 단기공급곡선······················· 298 Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 단기균형······························ 298 04 장기균형····························································· 299 Ⅰ 장기의의·························································· 299 Ⅱ 개별기업의 장기공급곡선······························ 299 Ⅲ 장기 조정 과정················································ 299 Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 균형····························· 300 Ⅴ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 공급 곡선···················· 302 05 완전경쟁시장에 대한 평가····························· 304 Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 304 Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 304 Part 07 독점시장 01 독점시장의 중요성············································ 308 02 독점의 의의························································ 308 03 순수 독점······························································ 311 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 311 Ⅱ 단기균형···························································· 311 Ⅲ 장기균형··························································· 313 Ⅳ 다공장 독점기업·············································· 314 Ⅴ 순수 독점에 대한 평가···································· 316 04 차별독점······························································ 321 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 321 Ⅱ 가격차별의 조건·············································· 321 Ⅲ 제1급 가격차별················································· 321 Ⅳ 제2급 가격차별 : 수량할인···························· 322 Ⅴ 제3급 가격차별 : 시장분리···························· 324 Ⅵ 시점간 가격차별·············································· 328 05 이부가격설정······················································ 331 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 331 Ⅱ 이윤극대화 : 1명의 소비자····························· 331 Ⅲ 이윤극대화 : 2명의 소비자···························· 332 Ⅳ 이부가격설정에 대한 평가····························· 333 06 묶어 팔기···························································· 334 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 334 Ⅱ 유형·································································· 334 Ⅲ 동기·································································· 334 Ⅳ 묶어 팔기의 평가············································ 337 07 독점규제······························································ 338 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 338 Ⅱ 독점기업의 국유화 : 공기업·························· 339 Ⅲ 가격규제·························································· 339 Ⅳ 경쟁체제 도입················································· 343 Ⅴ 조세 부과························································· 344 Part 08 독점 경쟁 시장 01 독점경쟁시장의 중요성··································· 350 02 독점경쟁시장의 의의······································· 350 03 단기균형······························································ 352 04 장기균형····························································· 353 05 평가······································································ 354 Ⅰ 비효율적인 선출량·········································· 354 Ⅱ 유휴시설의 존재·············································· 354 Ⅲ 차별화된 상품················································· 354 Ⅳ 최적 차별화(optimal differentiation)이론 ··········· 354 Ⅴ 호텔링의 역설(Hotelling's paradox) ··········· 356 Ⅵ 비가격경쟁······················································· 357 Part 09 과점시장 01 과점시장의 중요성············································ 360 02 과점시장의 의의··············································· 360 03 과점시장의 특성 : 전략적 상황···················· 361 04 Cournot 모형·················································· 362 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 362 Ⅱ 가정·································································· 362 Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 362 Ⅳ Cournot 균형·················································· 365 Ⅴ 평가·································································· 366 05 스타켈버그 균형··············································· 368 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 368 Ⅱ 가정·································································· 368 Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 368 Ⅳ 스타켈버그 균형·············································· 369 Ⅴ 평가·································································· 370 Ⅵ 스타켈버그 불균형 : 두 기업 모두 선도자··· 370 06 베르뜨랑 모형···················································· 372 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 372 Ⅱ 순수과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 372 Ⅲ 차별과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 374 Ⅳ 가격경쟁모형과 동이윤곡선··························· 375 07 독자적 행동모형 : 가격선도모형··················· 378 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 378 Ⅱ 가정·································································· 378 Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선······················ 378 Ⅳ 균형·································································· 379 Ⅴ 평가·································································· 380 08 굴절수요곡선 모형············································ 381 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 381 Ⅱ 가정··································································· 381 Ⅲ 굴절수요곡선과 기업의 이윤극대화·············· 381 Ⅳ 한계·································································· 382 09 불완전 담합모형················································· 383 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 383 Ⅱ 가정·································································· 383 Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화·········································· 383 Ⅳ 균형·································································· 384 10 완전담합 모형 : 카르텔 모형························· 385 Ⅰ 카르텔의 의의················································· 385 Ⅱ 카르텔의 이윤극대화······································ 385 Ⅲ 평가 : 안정성··················································· 387 11 광고의 이론·························································· 393 Ⅰ 광고(advertisement)의 의의························ 393 Ⅱ 광고의 긍정적 효과········································ 393 Ⅲ 광고의 부정적 효과········································ 393 12 비용할증 가격설정············································ 394 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 394 Ⅱ 비용할증과 이윤극대화·································· 394 Part 10 게임이론 01 게임이론의 중요성············································ 398 02 게임이론의 의의··············································· 398 03 게임의 유형························································ 399 Ⅰ 협조게임과 비협조게임·································· 399 Ⅱ 전략형(정규형)게임과 전개형 게임··············· 399 Ⅲ 동시게임과 순차게임······································ 400 Ⅳ 완전정보 게임과 불완전정보 게임················ 400 04 동시게임과 Nash균형···································· 401 Ⅰ 가정··································································· 401 Ⅱ 전략 : Nash전략············································· 401 Ⅲ 균형 : Nash균형············································· 402 Ⅳ 평가·································································· 402 05 동시게임과 우월 전략 균형··························· 406 Ⅰ 가정·································································· 406 Ⅱ 전략 : 우월전략··············································· 406 Ⅲ 균형 : 우월전략 균형······································ 407 Ⅳ 평가·································································· 407 Ⅴ 용의자 딜레마················································· 407 06 동시게임과 혼합전략 균형 : 동전 맞추기 게임 ·· 410 Ⅰ 가정 : 동전 맞추기 게임(matching pennies) 410 Ⅱ 전략 : 혼합전략··············································· 410 Ⅲ 균형 : 혼합전략균형········································ 412 Ⅳ 평가··································································· 413 07 정합게임과 안장점(saddle point) ············· 414 Ⅰ 가정··································································· 414 Ⅱ 전략 : 최소극대화전략···································· 414 Ⅲ 균형 : 안장점··················································· 415 Ⅳ 평가··································································· 415 08 순차 게임(완전정보게임)과 완전 균형······· 416 Ⅰ 가정··································································· 416 Ⅱ 전략··································································· 417 Ⅲ 균형··································································· 417 Ⅳ 위협의 신빙성과 공약···································· 420 09 불완전 정보(imperfect information)게임 ······· 422 Ⅰ 불완전정보게임··············································· 422 Ⅱ 용의자 딜레마················································· 423 Ⅲ 진입게임··························································· 424 Ⅳ 동일한 전략형 게임을 갖는 서로 다른 전개형 게임 · 425 10 반복게임(repeated game) ·························· 431 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 431 Ⅱ 유형··································································· 431 Ⅲ 유한반복게임···················································· 431 Ⅳ 무한반복게임··················································· 432 11 경매이론(auction theory) ···························· 438 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 438 Ⅱ 경매방식·························································· 438 Ⅲ 비교·································································· 439 Part 11 공공재 01 공공재의 의의···················································· 444 02 공공재의 특성··················································· 445 Ⅰ 비배제성(non-excludability) ······················· 445 Ⅱ 비경합성(non-rivalry) ··································· 445 Ⅲ 재화의 종류(경합성과 배제성 기준) ············· 446 03 최적 배분···························································· 447 Ⅰ 사용재의 최적배분·········································· 447 Ⅱ 공공재의 최적배분·········································· 449 04 시장실패····························································· 453 Ⅰ Samuelson 명제············································ 453 Ⅱ 무임승차자 문제·············································· 453 05 시장 대응 : 비순수공공재······························ 456 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 456 Ⅱ 비순수공공재와 시장대응······························ 456 06 정부대응······························································ 457 Ⅰ 린달의 조세체계(Lindahl's tax scheme) ···· 457 Ⅱ 수요표출 조세체계(demand revelation tax scheme) 458 Part 12 외부성 01 의의······································································· 462 02 유형······································································ 464 Ⅰ 생산의 외부 불경제········································ 464 Ⅱ 생산의 외부경제·············································· 465 Ⅲ 소비의 외부경제·············································· 465 Ⅳ 소비의 외부불경제·········································· 466 Ⅴ 정리·································································· 467 03 최적배분······························································ 468 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 468 Ⅱ 최적의 생산량················································· 468 Ⅲ 최적의 오염물질 방출 수준··························· 469 Ⅳ 일반균형분석··················································· 470 Ⅴ 개별기업··························································· 470 Ⅵ 환경정책의 시사점··········································· 471 04 시장실패······························································ 472 Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장··················································· 472 Ⅱ 시장의 오염물질 방출수준····························· 472 Ⅲ 일반균형분석··················································· 473 Ⅳ 개별기업··························································· 474 Ⅴ 공유재의 비극(tragedy of the commons) ················ 475 05 시장의 외부성 해결·········································· 479 Ⅰ 합병·································································· 479 Ⅱ 코즈 정리(Coase theorem) ·························· 479 06 정부의 외부성 해결········································· 484 Ⅰ 직접규제·························································· 484 Ⅱ 공해세(피구세) ················································ 485 Ⅲ 오염허가서(pollution permits) ····················· 489 Ⅳ 우리나라의 환경관련 부담금························· 492 Part 13 정보 경제학 01 의의······································································· 496 02 역선택·································································· 499 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 499 Ⅱ 보험시장과 역선택·········································· 499 Ⅲ 중고차시장과 역선택······································ 505 Ⅳ 금융시장과 역선택·········································· 508 Ⅴ 노동시장과 역선택·········································· 510 Ⅵ 역선택에 대한 대응방안································· 514 03 도덕적 해이························································· 516 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 516 Ⅱ 화재보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 516 Ⅲ 의료보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 521 Ⅳ 금융시장과 도덕적 해이································· 523 Ⅴ 노동시장과 도덕적 해이································· 524 Ⅵ 도덕적 해이에 대한 대응방안························ 531 04 정보재의 이론··················································· 533 Ⅰ 정보재(information goods)의 의의 ···················· 533 Ⅱ 정보재의 특성················································· 533 Ⅲ 정보재의 가격 결정········································ 533 Ⅳ 정보재 시장····················································· 534 Part 14 생산 요소 시장 01 생산요소시장의 중요성···································· 538 02 생산요소시장의 의의······································· 538 03 가계의 노동공급 선택····································· 540 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 540 Ⅱ 임금과 노동평면············································· 540 Ⅲ 여가와 소득평면·············································· 541 04 기업의 노동수요 선택····································· 544 Ⅰ 직관과 그림····················································· 544 Ⅱ 수식·································································· 548 05 완전경쟁과 생산요소시장······························ 550 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 550 Ⅱ 요소수요곡선 : 기업의 이윤극대화··············· 550 Ⅲ 요소시장의 균형·············································· 555 Ⅳ 평가·································································· 557 Ⅴ 지대·································································· 558 06 불완전경쟁시장과 생산요소시장·················· 562 Ⅰ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 완전경쟁····· 562 Ⅱ 상품시장의 경쟁과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 564 Ⅲ 상품사장의 독점과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 566 Ⅳ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 공급독점····· 568 Ⅴ 쌍방독점························································· 570 Ⅵ 최저임금제도···················································· 571 07 재분배정책·························································· 575 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 575 Ⅱ 기능별 소득분배이론 : 한계생산성 이론······ 575 Ⅲ 불평등도 지수·················································· 578 08 자본시장과 투자··············································· 583 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 583 Ⅱ 투자이론·························································· 583 Part 15 시장과 정부 01 시장과 정부의 중요성······································ 592 02 시장의 힘 : 완전경쟁시장의 효율성··········· 593 Ⅰ 부분균형분석··················································· 593 Ⅱ 순수교환경제··················································· 593 Ⅲ 생산경제·························································· 603 Ⅳ 후생경제학 제1정리········································· 610 Ⅴ 불확실성과 일반균형······································· 611 03 시장실패······························································· 617 Ⅰ 의의··································································· 617 Ⅱ 효율성······························································· 617 Ⅲ 공평성······························································· 618 04 정부의 힘····························································· 620 Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 620 Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 620 05 정부실패(government failure) ················ 629 Ⅰ 의의·································································· 629 Ⅱ 효율성······························································ 629 Ⅲ 공평성 : 불가능성 정리(impossibility theorem) ····632 Ⅳ 안정 : 루카스 비판(Lucas critique) ············· 632 ?