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"Timely and compelling, Geopolitics and Democracy argues that since the end of the Cold War, government leaders in the West broke the social contract underpinning the liberal international order they built. By focusing their efforts on market globalization and the pooling sovereignty at the international level, while reducing social protections at home, Western government leaders overstretched public support for their actions, paving the way for growing anti-globalization sentiment. The book is a model for how to bridge insights from international relations and domestic politics, and does an exceptional job of marshalling a wealth of available evidence to make nuanced arguments about the state and future of the Western-led liberal order. I strongly encourage everyone to read it." -- Catherine E. De Vries, Professor of Political Science, Bocconi University
"In this tour de force, Trubowitz and Burgoon offer a new and compelling portrait of the shifting and fraught domestic foundations of Western democracy and its postwar leadership of the liberal world order. Beautifully written and deeply researched, Geopolitics and Democracy chronicles the decades-in-the-making erosion of support for liberal internationalism in Western societies―and points to ways in which liberal democracies might once again bring their ambitions and capacities back into line." -- G. John Ikenberry, Albert G. Milbank Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton University
"Trubowitz and Burgoon offer a highly readable and persuasive argument about the interaction between populism and the unraveling of the liberal international order. A notable contribution helping us understand our politics today." -- Kathleen R. McNamara, Professor of Government and Foreign Service, Georgetown University
"This ambitious book synthesizes existing scholarship and also breaks new ground, theoretically and empirically. The authors argue convincingly that the embrace of 'globalism' by Western political elites has been accompanied by domestic reforms that have undermined public support for the liberal international order. A must-read for students of comparative welfare-state politics as well as international political economy and international relations." -- Jonas Pontusson, Professor of Comparative Politics, Universite de Geneve
"Geopolitics and Democracy is essential reading for everyone who wants to grasp the root causes of the anti-globalist pressures in today's liberal democracies and the resulting crisis of the liberal international order. Based on a rigorous analysis of a wealth of data, Trubowitz and Burgoon challenge standard accounts of liberal internationalism's decline and show how trade liberalization and neoliberal governance have contributed to the widening gap between governments and voters in the West." -- Wolfgang Wagner, Professor of International Security, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
"Geopolitics and Democracy is a thought-provoking book that studies the challenges to the liberal international order from a broad perspective. Drawing on insights from different subfields that are usually studied in isolation, paying attention to different levels of analysis, and presenting a vast array of empirical findings, this book provides a provocative new perspective on why the Western liberal world order has come under pressure and what could be done to change this." -- Stefanie Walter, Professor of International Relations and Political Economy, University of Zurich
"A big, grand sweeping and important argument. Geopolitics and Democracy makes a powerful case that Western governments got well ahead of what their populations would support when they decided to deepen and broaden the liberal international order after 1990." -- William C. Wohlforth, Daniel Webster Professor of Government, Dartmouth College
"[A] groundbreaking study" -- Foreign Affairs
"This book is easy to read and highly recommended for college and university libraries and larger public library systems. More importantly, political leaders and policy professionals would do well to heed its findings and recommendations." -- Choice

Chapter Page
List of Figures xi
Preface and Acknowledgments xv
1. The Solvency Gap 1
2. A Widening Gyre 27
3. Roots of Insolvency 55
4. Reaping the Whirlwind 85
5. Bridging the Gap 120
Appendices 139
Notes 183
References 207
Index 233

A large and widening gap has opened between Western democracies' international ambitions and their domestic political capacity to support them. On issues ranging from immigration and international trade to national security, new political parties on the left and the right are rejecting the core foreign policy principles that Western governments have championed for over half a century. Much of the debate over the weakening of the Western liberal order has focused on recent changes: Donald Trump's presidency, Britain's vote to leave the European Union, and the surge of nationalist sentiment in France, Germany, and other Western democracies. In Geopolitics and Democracy, Peter Trubowitz and Brian Burgoon provide a powerful new explanation for the rise of anti-globalism in the West.

Combining a novel theoretical framework and empirical strategy, Trubowitz and Burgoon show that support for globalism has been receding for 30 years in Western parties and legislatures. They trace the anti-globalist backlash to foreign policy decisions that mainstream parties and party elites made after the end of the Cold War. These decisions sought to globalize markets and pool sovereignty at the supranational level while applying neoliberal reforms to social protections and guarantees at home--a combination of policies that succeeded in expanding the Western liberal order, but at the cost of mounting public discontent and political fragmentation.

At a time when problems of great power rivalry, spheres of influence, and reactionary nationalism have returned, Geopolitics and Democracy reveals how domestic support for international engagement during the long East-West geopolitical contest was contingent upon social protections within Western democracies. In the absence of a renewed commitment to those social purposes, Western democracies will struggle to find a collective grand strategy that their domestic publics will support.