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Introduction
by Jürgen Osterhammel 1
1. Regions and Empires in the Political History of the Long Nineteenth Century
by Cemil Aydin
Introduction 33
1. From the World of Regions to a Globalized Imperial World 43
2. The Era of Imperial Self-Strengthening 85
3. Re-regionalization of the Imperial World Order 131
4. Regional, Ethnic, and Geopolitical Roots and Consequences of an Inter-imperial War 197
2. Possibilities of Plenty and the Persistence of Poverty: Industrialization and International Trade
by R. Bin Wong
Introduction 251
1. The Legacy of Preindustrial Political Economies 256
2. Nineteenth-Century Industrialization: Foundations of a European Century in Global History 276
3. Nineteenth-Century Economic Trajectories in the Americas 297
4. The Atlantic World's Late Nineteenth-Century Industrial Capitalism 319
5. Nineteenth-Century Economies in the World of Western Colonization 333
6. East Asia: Industry, Trade, and Capitalism 355
7. The Global Economy of Late Nineteenth-Century Industrial Capitalism 374
3. A Cultural History of Global Transformation
by Sebastian Conrad
Introduction 413
1. Regions, Integration, and Global Awareness: A Changing World Order 428
2. The Global History of the Enlightenment 485
3. "Nothing Is the Way It Should Be": The Organization of Time 527
4. Religion in the Global World 582
4. Hierarchies and Connections: Aspects of a Global Social History
by Jürgen Osterhammel
Introduction 663
1. Discovering the Social 687
2. The Road to a World Society 729
3. Hierarchies 779
4. Mobilities and Networks 836
Notes 891
Selected Bibliography 1003
Contributors 1045
Index 1047

For as long as there have been nations, there has been an “international”―a sphere of cross-border relations. But for most of human history, this space was sparsely occupied. States and regions were connected by long-distance commerce and the spasms of war, yet in their development they remained essentially separate. The century after 1750 marked a major shift. Fleeting connection gave way to durable integration. Culture, politics, and society were increasingly, and indelibly, entangled across continents. An Emerging Modern World charts this transformative period, addressing major questions about the roots of the present from a distinctly global perspective.

Why, for instance, did industrialization begin in England and not in China? Was there early capitalist development outside of the West? Was the Enlightenment exclusively a European event? Led by editors Sebastian Conrad and J?rgen Osterhammel, a distinguished group of historians tackles these issues, along with the roles of nomads and enslaved people in fostering global integration, the development of a bourgeoisie outside Euro-America, Hinduism’s transformation from local practices into a universal system, the invention of pan-Islamic identity, and the causes and effects of the revolution in time regimes. The world appeared to be undergoing such a radical renewal that the impression of an epochal watershed was widespread.

This fourth volume in the six-volume series A History of the World engages the political, economic, social, and intellectual ferment of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries outside Europe and North America. In doing so, it bears witness to the birth of the modern world.