추가 적립 안내

① 모든 해설 및 기출빈도는 장기간의 조사 및 검증을 거쳐 상세하게 기술.
② 좌·우측 페이지 배열에 대한 편집을 고려하여 의식의 흐름에 따라 페이지 넘김 없이 하나의 논점은 한눈에 인지되도록 함.
③ 필자만의 독창적인 ‘표’와 ‘그림’을 삽입하여 텍스트만으로 이루어진 내용의 시각적인 이해도를 높임.

chap.1 산업안전교육론 1
Ⅰ. 교육의 필요성과 목적 ··························································································· 3
1. 안전교육의 개념 ··································································································· 3
2. 안전교육의 목적(4대 목표) ···················································································· 3
3. 안전교육의 효과 ··································································································· 3
4. (안전)교육의 3요소 ······························································································· 3
5. 교수법(교시법)의 4단계 ························································································· 3

Ⅱ. 안전·보건교육의 개념 ···························································································· 4
1. 안전교육의 3단계 ································································································· 4
2. 안전교육의 종류(기본방향) ····················································································· 4
3. 하버드 학파의 5단계 교수법(사례연구 중심) ····························································· 4

Ⅲ. 학습이론 ·············································································································· 5
1. 학습지도원리 ······································································································· 5
2. 학습이론 ·············································································································· 6

Ⅳ. 근로자 정기안전교육 등의 교육내용 ········································································ 7

Ⅴ. 교육실시방법(강의법/토의법/실연법/시청각교육법 등) ·············································· 8
1. 강의법(Lecture Method) ····················································································· 8
2. 토의법 ················································································································ 8
3. 시범법 ················································································································· 9
4. 실연법 ·················································································································· 9
5. 모의법 ················································································································· 9
6. 시청각 교육법 ······································································································ 9
7. 반복법 ················································································································· 9
8. 기타 학습지도 방식 ······························································································ 9
9. 하버드 학파의 5단계 교수법(사례연구 중심) ························································· 10

Ⅵ. 안전교육방법(TWI, OJT, OFF.J.T 등) 및 교육평가 ·················································· 11
1. 안전교육장소에 따른 구분(OJT, OFF JT) ······························································ 11
2. 구체적 안전교육방법(TWI, 등) ·············································································· 11
3. 교육평가 ············································································································ 12

chap.2 안전관리 및 손실방지론 15
Ⅰ. 안전과 위험의 개념 ····························································································· 17
1. 안전과 위험의 개념 ····························································································· 17
2. 사고 ·················································································································· 17

Ⅱ. 안전·보건교육의 개념 ·························································································· 18
1. 재해 발생모델 ···································································································· 18
2. 재해발생 메커니즘(이론) ···················································································· 19
3. 재해구성 비율 ···································································································· 22
4. 재해손실비(Accident Cost, 재해코스트) ······························································ 23
5. 하인리히(H.W. Heinrich)의 재해예방의 4원칙 ······················································ 24
6. 하인리히(H.W. Heinrich)의 사고예방대책 기본원리 5단계 ································· 24

Ⅲ. 안전관리의 조직 ································································································· 26
1. 안전(보건)관리조직 ······························································································ 26
2. 안전보건경영시스템 ····························································································· 27

Ⅳ. 안전관리 수립 및 운용 ························································································ 30
1. 안전관리 대상 ···································································································· 30
2. 안전보건평가 항목의 평가척도 ············································································· 31
3. 안전관리 활동의 효과 ························································································· 31

Ⅴ. 위험성평가 활동 등 안전활동 기법 ······································································· 32
1. 무재해 운동(Zero Hazard Campaign) ································································ 32
2. 위험예지훈련(Danger Prediction Training) ······················································· 34
3. 전기위험 방지기술(전기안전 일반) ········································································ 35

chap.3 신뢰성 공학 37
Ⅰ. 신뢰성의 개념 ···································································································· 39

Ⅱ. 신뢰성 척도와 계산 ····························································································· 40
1. 하시모토 쿠니에의 의식수준 5단계(Phase) ··························································· 40
2. 결함수분석법(FTA : Fault Tree Analysis) ··························································· 40

Ⅲ. 보전성과 유용성 ································································································· 41
1. 예방보전(PM : Preventive Maintenance) ··························································· 41
2. 사후보전(BM : Breakdown Maintenance) ························································· 41

Ⅳ. 신뢰성 시험과 추정 ····························································································· 42
1. 가속수명 시험(ALT : Accelerated Life Testing) ················································· 42
2. 가속수명 시험모델 [13-28] ················································································ 42
3. 수명분포 : 가속시험 분석 ·················································································· 43

Ⅴ. 시스템의 신뢰도 ································································································· 44

chap.4 시스템 안전공학 45
Ⅰ. 시스템 위험분석 및 관리 ····················································································· 47
1. 시스템의 수명주기 5단계(Life Cycle Of System) ················································ 47

Ⅱ. 시스템 위험분석기법(PHA, FHA, FMEA, ETA, CA 등) ········································· 48
1. PHA(예비위험 분석, Preliminary Hazards Analysis) ·········································· 48
2. FHA(결함위험분석, Fault Hazards Analysis) ····················································· 48
3. FMEA(고장형태와 영향분석법, Failure Mode and Effect Analysis) ············· 48
4. 결함수 분석(FTA : Fault Tree Analysis) ····························································· 49
5. ETA(사건수 분석, 사상나무분석, Event Tree Analysis) ································· 49
6. CA(위험도 분석, 치명도 분석, Criticality Analysis) ····································· 50
7. THERP(인간과오율 추정, Technique of Human Error Rate Prediction) ···· 50
8. MORT(Management Oversight and Risk Tree) ··········································· 50
9. O&SHA, OSHA(운영 및 지원 위험분석, Operation and Support Hazard Analysis) · 50
10. HAZOP기법(위험과 운전분석, Hazard & Operability Analysis) ··················· 50
11. 원인결과 분석(CCA : Cause Consequence Analysis) ································ 51

Ⅲ. 결함수분석법(FTA : Fault Tree Analysis) ···················································· 52
1. 결함수분석법(FTA : Fault Tree Analysis) ····················································· 52
2. 논리기호 ············································································································ 52
3. 논리식 : 불대수 법칙(Boolean Algebra) ······················································· 52
4. 컷셋(Cutset)과 최소컷셋(Minimal Cutset) ························································ 53
5. 정상사상(top event)의 발생확률 ······································································ 56
6. D.R. Cheriton의 FTA에 의한 재해사례 연구절차 ·········································· 56

Ⅳ. 안전성평가의 개요 ·························································································· 57
1. 안전성평가 ········································································································· 57
2. 안전성평가(Safety Assessment) 6단계 ···························································· 57
3. 안전성평가 종류(4가지) ················································································· 57
4. 시스템의 안전성 확보방법 ················································································ 59
5. 중복설계(Redundancy) ······················································································ 59
6. 안전계수(안전율, Safety Factor) ····································································· 59
7. 제어시스템에서 안전무결성등급(SIL : Safety Integrity Level) ························ 60
8. 공정안전성 분석(K-PSR) ···················································································· 60

Ⅴ. 신뢰도 계산 ······························································································· 62
1. 시스템의 구조와 신뢰도(Reliability) ··································································· 62
2. 신뢰도의 형태 ·································································································· 66
3. 불신뢰도, 신뢰도, 평균수명, 가용도 등 ························································· 68
4. 고장률에 관한 욕조곡선(Bathtub Curve) ························································ 70
5. 인간신뢰도(Human Reliability) ········································································· 71

chap.5 인간공학 73
Ⅰ. 인간공학의 정의 ······························································································ 75
1. 인간공학이란(Ergonomics) ················································································ 75
2. 인간공학의 분야 ································································································ 75
3. 인간특성과 설계사례 ························································································ 76
4. 감성공학 ············································································································ 76

Ⅱ. 인간-기계체계 ··································································································· 78
1. 시스템의 정의 ··································································································· 78
2. 인간-기계시스템(Man-Machine System) ··························································· 78
3. 인간-기계시스템 설계 ························································································· 79
4. 인간-기계체계의 신뢰도 유지방안(제어 방안) ························································ 80
5. 인간-기계 시스템의 평가기준 ············································································· 81

Ⅲ. 체계설계와 인간요소 ·························································································· 82

Ⅳ. 정보입력표시(시각적,청각적,촉각,후각 등의 표시장치) ············································· 82
1. 5감(感覺, Sense) ································································································ 82
2. 시각적 표시장치 ································································································· 82
3. 청각적 표시장치 ································································································· 90
4. 촉각 및 후각의 표시장치 ····················································································· 96
5. 실효온도와 옥스퍼드(Oxford) 지수 ······································································ 97

Ⅴ. 인간요소와 휴먼에러(인적오류) ············································································· 98
1. 휴먼에러(Human Error） ··················································································· 98
2. 휴먼에러의 분류 ································································································· 98
3. 라스무센(J. Rasmussen)의 SRK 모델(수행수준 이론) ········································· 98
4 리전(J. Reason)의 인적오류 분류 ········································································· 99
5. 스웨인(A. Swain)과 커트맨(H. Cuttmann)의 인적오류 분류 ···························· 99
6. 기타 ················································································································ 100

Ⅵ. 인간계측 및 작업공간 ························································································ 101
1. 인간의 정보처리와 표시장치의 양립성(Compatibility) ········································ 101
2. 조종-반응비(C/R비) ·························································································· 102
3. 가독성(可讀性, Readability) ················································································ 103
4. 광삼현상(光渗, Irradiation Effect) ···································································· 103

Ⅶ. 작업환경의 조건 및 작업환경과 인간공학 ···························································· 104
1. 안전설계와 기법 ······························································································· 104
2. 작업공간 배치(부품배치)의 기본 원칙 ·································································· 105
3. 동작분석(Motion Analysis) ··············································································· 105
4. 작업대 높이 ····································································································· 107

Ⅷ. 근골격계 부담 작업의 평가 ··············································································· 108
1. 산업안전보건기준에 관한 규칙상 근골격계부담작업과 근골격계질환 ················· 108
2. 근골격계 질환 예방을 위한 작업환경개선 지침(KOSHA GUIDE H-66-2012) · 108
3. 근골격계 질환 예방을 위한 수공구와 장치 설계의 원리 ······································ 109
4. 근골격계 부담작업 평가 기법 ················································································· 110
5. NLE(NIOSH 들기작업공식, NIOSH Lifting Equation) ······································ 112

chap.6 산업재해조사 및 원인분석 115
Ⅰ. 재해조사의 목적 ································································································ 117
1. 재해조사의 목적 ······························································································· 117
2. 국제노동기구(ILO : International Labor Office)의 산업재해 정도에 따른 분류 ·· 117
3. 장해등급의 기준 ······························································································· 117

Ⅱ. 재해의 원인분석 및 조사기법 ············································································ 119
1. 산업재해발생의 기본 원인 4M(유해위험요인의 발굴을 위해 4M기법) ············· 119
2. 「사고 피해예측 기법에 관한 기술지침」 KOSHA GUIDE P-102-2021 ············· 119

Ⅲ. 재해사례 분석절차 ····························································································· 121
1. 산업재해 발생시 처리순서 ·············································································· 121
2 재해 조사 목적 ·································································································· 121
3 재해 조사 순서 ·································································································· 121
4. 재해조사시 유의사항 ························································································ 122

Ⅳ. 산재분류 및 통계분석 ······················································································· 123
1. 재해평가지수 : 재해율의 종류 및 계산 ··························································· 123
2. 「산업재해 통계업무 처리규정」 (개정2022. 5. 2. 고용노동부예규 제194호) ···· 124
3. 재해 통계분석 방법 ························································································ 126

Ⅴ. 안전점검 및 진단 ······························································································ 129
1. 안전점검 ·········································································································· 129
2. 안전점검의 종류(「시설물의 안전 및 유지관리에 관한 특별법」 제2조(정의)) ····· 129
3. 안전점검표(checklist) ························································································ 129
4. 연소(폭발)범위와 위험도 ···················································································· 131

chap.7 단원별 기출문제(2013~2023년) 133
1. 산업안전교육론 ································································································· 135
Ⅰ. 교육의 필요성과 목적 ························································································ 135
Ⅱ. 안전·보건교육의 개념 ························································································· 135
Ⅲ. 학습이론 ·········································································································· 137
Ⅳ. 근로자 정기안전교육 등의 교육내용 ··································································· 140
Ⅴ. 교육실시방법(강의법/토의법/실연법/시청각교육법 등) ········································· 140
Ⅵ. 안전교육방법(TWI, OJT, OFF.J.T 등) 및 교육평가 ············································ 143

2. 안전관리 및 손실방지론 ····················································································· 146
Ⅰ. 안전과 위험의 개념 ··························································································· 146
Ⅱ. 안전·보건교육의 개념 ························································································· 146
Ⅲ. 안전관리의 조직 ······························································································· 154
Ⅳ. 안전관리 수립 및 운용 ······················································································ 157
Ⅴ. 위험성평가 활동 등 안전활동 기법 ···································································· 158

3. 신뢰성 공학 ····································································································· 160
Ⅰ. 신뢰성의 개념 ··································································································· 160
Ⅱ. 신뢰성 척도와 계산 ··························································································· 160
Ⅲ. 보전성과 유용성 ······························································································· 160
Ⅳ. 신뢰성 시험과 추정 ··························································································· 161

4. 시스템 안전공학 ······························································································ 162
Ⅰ. 시스템 위험분석 및 관리 ············································································· 162
Ⅱ. 시스템 위험분석기법(PHA, FHA, FMEA, ETA, CA 등). ··························· 162
Ⅲ. 결함수분석법(FTA : Fault Tree Analysis) ·················································· 166
Ⅳ. 안전성평가의 개요 ························································································· 170
Ⅴ. 신뢰도 계산 ·································································································· 173

5. 인간공학 ·········································································································· 181
Ⅰ. 인간공학의 정의 ····························································································· 181
Ⅱ. 인간-기계체계 ································································································· 183
Ⅲ. 체계설계와 인간요소 ······················································································ 187
Ⅳ. 정보입력표시(시각적, 청각적, 촉각, 후각 등의 표시장치) ····························· 187
Ⅴ. 인간요소와 휴먼에러(인적오류) ······································································· 198
Ⅵ. 인간계측 및 작업공간 ··················································································· 202
Ⅶ. 작업환경의 조건 및 작업환경과 인간공학 ····················································· 204
Ⅷ. 근골격계 부담 작업의 평가 ········································································· 207

6. 산업재해조사 및 원인분석 ··············································································· 211
Ⅰ. 재해조사의 목적 ···························································································· 211
Ⅱ. 재해의 원인분석 및 조사기법 ····································································· 211
Ⅲ. 재해사례 분석절차 ····················································································· 212
Ⅳ. 산재분류 및 통계분석 ·················································································· 216
Ⅴ. 안전점검 및 진단 ························································································· 221

7. 기타 : 법령, 규칙, 지침 등 ········································································ 222
Ⅰ. 산업안전보건법령 ····························································································· 222
Ⅱ. 산업안전보건기준에 관한 규칙(약칭 : 안전보건규칙) ······································ 225
Ⅲ. 사업장위험성평가에 관한 지침(2023. 5. 22. 개정) ······································· 229
Ⅳ. 제조물책임법 ·································································································· 236

〈머리말〉

최근 산업현장의 안전과 보건에 대한 관심과 더불어 산업안전지도사 및 산업보건지도사 자격시험의 위상이 한층 높아지고 있습니다. 그러나 3개의 객관식 시험과목 중 하나인 산업안전일반의 상세한 해설을 제대로 담은 교재 및 강의가 아직껏 없는 것이 안타까운 현실입니다.

이에 필자는 2013년부터 모든 기출문제를 분석하고 필자의 모든 역량을 담아 산업안전일반의 기출된 모든 부분에 대하여 상세히 해설을 담은 교재를 목표로 집필하였고 그 결과물로써 본서를 출판하고 동시에 강의를 출시하기에 이르렀습니다.

특히 모든 기출문제를 출제기준에 따른 목차에 따라 분류하고 순서를 정하느라 여러분들이 상상하기 어려운 시간과 노력이 소요되었습니다.

본서는 산업안전일반의 이해에 관심 있는 독자들과 산업안전지도사 및 산업보건지도사 시험을 준비하는 수험생을 위한 해설서로써, 모든 내용이 시험에 적합하도록 내용 및 구성을 이루고 있습니다.

본서의 특징은 다음과 같습니다.

① 모든 해설 및 기출빈도는 장기간의 조사 및 검증을 거쳐 상세하게 기술.
② 좌·우측 페이지 배열에 대한 편집을 고려하여 의식의 흐름에 따라 페이지 넘김 없이 하나의 논점은 한눈에 인지되도록 함.
③ 필자만의 독창적인 ‘표’와 ‘그림’을 삽입하여 텍스트만으로 이루어진 내용의 시각적인 이해도를 높임.

본서는 철저히 강의노트로써 필자의 강의가 수반되지 않고서는 시간만 뺏는 독배(毒杯)가 될 가능성이 높으며, 특히 기출문제는 강의로만 상세히 설명합니다.

따라서 본서의 강약(强弱)조절과 시간절약 그리고 정확한 이해를 위해서 반드시 필자의 강의를 수강하시길 강권(强勸)합니다. 이점 유념하여 본서를 구입하시길 바랍니다.

본서를 통하여 여러분이 시험에 자신감을 갖게 되고 자격증 취득 기간을 단축할 수 있다면 필자는 더 없는 큰 기쁨을 얻을 것입니다.

본 지면을 빌어 제 삶을 주관하시는 하나님, 저희 가족의 건강과 행복을 늘 기도하시는 양가 부모님과 동생들 그리고 아내 한혜정과 아들 예선에게 감사드립니다. 더불어 본서의 출판과 동영상 강의출시에 도움을 주신 ‘1타에듀’ 임직원 여러분께 감사드립니다.

시험을 준비하는 수험생 여러분, 부디 소망을 이루기를 기원합니다.

2023년 9월
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