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한국경제는 한국 사람들에게 많은 영향을 준다. 한국경제가 좋아지면 취업자들은 개인의 소득이 올라가고 실업자들은 취업의 기회가 많아진다. 또한 주식투자, 채권투자, 부동산 투자 등을 하는 사람들에게도 돈을 벌 수 있는 기회가 많아진다. 하지만 한국경제가 나빠지면 개인들의 소득이 줄고 실업자도 많아진다. 많은 투자자들은 손해를 본다. 한국경제가 좋을 때 더 많은 소득을 벌고 한국경제가 나쁠 때 손해를 덜 보기 위해서는 경제학의 기초 지식이 필요하다. 비용-편익분석, 한계원리, 시간의 기회비용, 완전경쟁시장, 독점, 국민소득 결정 원리, 물가 결정 원리, 이자율 결정 원리, 환율 결정 원리 등이 대표적이다.

하지만 경제학을 이해하고 현실의 경제현상이나 경제문제에 적용하는 것은 경제학을 전공하지 않는 사람에게는 어려운 작업이다. 더구나 공무원 시험, 자격증을 준비하는 사람에게는 더욱 그렇다. 따라서 이 책은 5급 공무원(행시, 외교원), 7급 공무원, 공인회계사, 감정평가사, 노무사, 공기업 등을 준비하는 수험생들이 가장 쉽게 경제학의 내용을 이해할 수 있도록 하였고 최근의 경향을 분석하여 출제 가능한 분야를 중점 설명하면서 최신 경제학 이론을 빠짐없이 수록하였다.

Part 01 미시경제학의 기초

01 경제학······································································· 4
Ⅰ 의의······································································ 4
Ⅱ 경제문제······························································ 4
Ⅲ 균형(equilibrium) ·············································· 6
Ⅳ 선택(choice) ······················································· 7
02 경제학의 방법론·················································· 16
Ⅰ 횡틀 : 시장과 정부············································ 16
Ⅱ 순환틀································································· 17
Ⅲ 경제모형(경제이론) ··········································· 18

Part 02 시장 균형(완전경쟁시장)

01 시장········································································· 24
Ⅰ 의의·····································································24
Ⅱ 유형···································································· 24
02 시장균형의 중요성············································· 25
03 시장수요곡선······················································· 25
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 25
Ⅱ 수요의 법칙(law of demand) ························ 29
Ⅲ 수요의 가격탄력성(price elasticity of demand) ···31
Ⅳ 수요의 소득탄력성(income elasticity of demand) ···42
Ⅴ 수요의 교차탄력성(cross elasticity of demand) ·44
04 시장공급곡선······················································· 47
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 47
Ⅱ 공급의 법칙······················································· 50
Ⅲ 공급의 가격탄력성··········································· 50
05 시장균형······························································· 55
Ⅰ 의의···································································· 55
Ⅱ 균형의 존재성··················································· 57
Ⅲ 균형의 유일성··················································· 57
Ⅳ 균형의 안정성················································· 58
Ⅴ 균형의 효율성, 공평성 : 미시························ 61
Ⅵ 균형의 안정, 성장 : 거시······························· 63
06 정책······································································ 64
Ⅰ 물품세 부과의 효과········································ 64
Ⅱ 보조금 지급의 효과········································ 74
Ⅲ 가격규제의 효과·············································· 77
Ⅳ 농산물의 가격 파동········································ 86
Ⅴ 농민의 소득증대정책 비교····························· 87
Ⅵ 마약과의 전쟁················································· 90

Part 03 소비자 선택이론

01 소비자 선택이론의 중요성····························· 94
02 소비자 선택이론의 의의································ 94
03 소비자의 목표··················································· 95
Ⅰ 상품묶음(commodity bundle) ····················· 95
Ⅱ 소비자의 선호체계(preference system) ··········· 95
Ⅲ 효용함수(utility function) ······························ 96
Ⅳ 무차별곡선(indifference curve) : 주관적 ············· 101
04 소비자의 제약················································· 108
Ⅰ 의의································································ 108
Ⅱ 예산선의 절편··············································· 109
Ⅲ 예산선의 기울기(재화의 상대가격) ·············· 110
Ⅳ 소득의 변화와 예산선··································· 110
Ⅴ 가격의 변화의 예산선···································· 111
Ⅵ 복합재(composite goods)와 예산선·········· 113
Ⅶ 예외적인 예산선············································ 115
05 소비자의 선택 ················································· 118
Ⅰ 의의································································· 118
Ⅱ 효용극대화의 조건 ······································· 119
Ⅲ 예외적인 선택··············································· 121
Ⅳ 선택 변화·························································· 123
06 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 124
Ⅰ 소득소비곡선(Income Consumption Curve : ) ····· 124
Ⅱ 엥겔곡선(Engel curve) ·································· 124
Ⅲ 상품의 성격 : 소득소비 곡선과 엥겔곡선····· 124
07 가격변화와 소비자의 선택변화····················· 129
Ⅰ 가격소비곡선(price consumption curve : ) ······ 129
Ⅱ 보통수요곡선(ordinary demand curve) ····· 129
Ⅲ 상품의 성격과 가격소비곡선·························· 129
Ⅳ 가격효과와 보통수요곡선································ 131
Ⅴ 대체효과와 보상수요곡선······························· 137
Ⅵ 간접효용함수와 지출함수······························· 143
08 효용함수와 소득변화, 가격변화··················· 145
Ⅰ C-D 효용함수················································· 145
Ⅱ 준선형(quasi linear) 효용함수······················ 145
Ⅲ 완전보완 효용함수······················ 146
Ⅳ 선형(완전대체) 효용함수································ 146

Part 04 소비자 선택이론의 응용

01 부존소득과 소비자의 선택······························ 150
Ⅰ 모형설정··························································· 150
Ⅱ 가격변화와 소비자의 최적선택······················· 151
02 시점간 소비자 선택모형·································· 155
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 155
Ⅱ 모형설정··························································· 155
Ⅲ 소득변화와 소비자의 선택변화······················ 157
Ⅳ 이자율 상승과 소비자의 선택변화················· 158
03 소비자의 선택과 노동공급····························· 163
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 163
Ⅱ 가정··································································· 163
Ⅲ 예산선······························································· 163
Ⅳ 무차별곡선······················································· 166
Ⅴ 최초 선택·························································· 166
Ⅵ 선택변화와 노동공급······································· 167
Ⅶ 재분배정책과 노동공급···································· 171
04 재분배정책과 소비자의 선택························· 176
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 176
Ⅱ 현금보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176
Ⅲ 현물보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ·········· 176
Ⅳ 가격보조(선분→재로 표시한 보조금의 크기) ··········· 177
Ⅴ 현금보조와 현물보조의 비교·························· 178
Ⅵ 현금보조와 가격보조의 비교·························· 179
05 조세와 소비자의 선택······································· 181
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 181
Ⅱ 소득세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181
Ⅲ 물품세(선분→재로 표시한 조세수입의 크기) ··········· 181
Ⅳ 소득세와 물품세 비교····································· 182
Ⅴ 휘발유세 인상과 자동차세 인하의 효과 ·············· 183
06 소비자의 선택과 현시선호이론····················· 186
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 186
Ⅱ 중요성······························································· 186
Ⅲ 현시선호이론의 기본가정······························· 186
Ⅳ 현시선호이론과 생활수준 변화의 평가·········· 191
07 소비자의 선택과 지수(index)문제·············· 193
Ⅰ 지수의 의의······················································ 193
Ⅱ 지수의 중요성·················································· 193
Ⅲ 지수의 유형······················································ 193
Ⅳ 지수와 소비자의 생활수준 개선여부············· 196
08 네트워크 효과(network effect) ················ 200
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 200
Ⅱ 편승효과(bandwagon effect) ······················ 200
Ⅲ 기피효과(snob effect) ··································· 200
09 불확실성과 소비자의 선택····························· 202
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 202
Ⅱ 불확실성과 선택기준······································ 203
Ⅲ 조건부 상품이론 : 보험시장·························· 204
Ⅳ 조건부 상품이론 : 도박시장··························· 215
Ⅴ 기대효용이론 : 보험시장································ 218
Ⅵ 기대효용이론 : 복권시장································ 229
Ⅶ 자산선택이론(portfolio selection theory) ·············· 231

Part 05 생산자 선택이론

01 생산자 선택이론의 중요성······························ 238
02 생산자 선택이론의 의의································· 238
03 생산자의 목표···················································· 239
Ⅰ 이윤 극대화····················································· 239
Ⅱ 이윤 극대화 가설에 대한 대체가설··············· 242
04 생산자의 제약··················································· 246
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 246
Ⅱ 수입제약·························································· 246
Ⅲ 비용제약·························································· 249
Ⅳ 단기생산함수와 단기비용함수······················· 255
Ⅴ 장기생산함수와 장기비용함수······················· 262
Ⅵ 범위의 경제······················································ 275
05 생산자의 선택···················································· 278
Ⅰ 중요성······························································· 278
Ⅱ 상품이 1개인 생산자의 이윤극대화··············· 278
Ⅲ 상품이 2개인 생산자의 이윤극대화·············· 279
06 생산자의 선택변화··········································· 283
Ⅰ 가격변화와 생산자의 선택변화····················· 283
Ⅱ 기술진보와 공급곡선······································ 284
Ⅲ 생산요소의 가격변화와 공급곡선·················· 287

Part 06 완전경쟁시장

01 완전경쟁시장의 중요성·································· 292
02 완전경쟁시장의 의의······································· 292
Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장(perfect competition market) ·········· 292
Ⅱ 완전경쟁시장의 특성(기업 입장) ··················· 293
03 단기균형······························································ 295
Ⅰ 단기 의의························································· 295
Ⅱ 개별 기업의 단기공급곡선····························· 295
Ⅲ 완전경쟁시장의 단기공급곡선······················· 298
Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 단기균형······························ 298
04 장기균형····························································· 299
Ⅰ 장기의의·························································· 299
Ⅱ 개별기업의 장기공급곡선······························ 299
Ⅲ 장기 조정 과정················································ 299
Ⅳ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 균형····························· 300
Ⅴ 완전경쟁시장의 장기 공급 곡선···················· 302
05 완전경쟁시장에 대한 평가····························· 304
Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 304
Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 304

Part 07 독점시장

01 독점시장의 중요성············································ 308
02 독점의 의의························································ 308
03 순수 독점······························································ 311
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 311
Ⅱ 단기균형···························································· 311
Ⅲ 장기균형··························································· 313
Ⅳ 다공장 독점기업·············································· 314
Ⅴ 순수 독점에 대한 평가···································· 316
04 차별독점······························································ 321
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 321
Ⅱ 가격차별의 조건·············································· 321
Ⅲ 제1급 가격차별················································· 321
Ⅳ 제2급 가격차별 : 수량할인···························· 322
Ⅴ 제3급 가격차별 : 시장분리···························· 324
Ⅵ 시점간 가격차별·············································· 328
05 이부가격설정······················································ 331
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 331
Ⅱ 이윤극대화 : 1명의 소비자····························· 331
Ⅲ 이윤극대화 : 2명의 소비자···························· 332
Ⅳ 이부가격설정에 대한 평가····························· 333
06 묶어 팔기···························································· 334
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 334
Ⅱ 유형·································································· 334
Ⅲ 동기·································································· 334
Ⅳ 묶어 팔기의 평가············································ 337
07 독점규제······························································ 338
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 338
Ⅱ 독점기업의 국유화 : 공기업·························· 339
Ⅲ 가격규제·························································· 339
Ⅳ 경쟁체제 도입················································· 343
Ⅴ 조세 부과························································· 344

Part 08 독점 경쟁 시장

01 독점경쟁시장의 중요성··································· 350
02 독점경쟁시장의 의의······································· 350
03 단기균형······························································ 352
04 장기균형····························································· 353
05 평가······································································ 354
Ⅰ 비효율적인 선출량·········································· 354
Ⅱ 유휴시설의 존재·············································· 354
Ⅲ 차별화된 상품················································· 354
Ⅳ 최적 차별화(optimal differentiation)이론 ··········· 354
Ⅴ 호텔링의 역설(Hotelling's paradox) ··········· 356
Ⅵ 비가격경쟁······················································· 357

Part 09 과점시장

01 과점시장의 중요성············································ 360
02 과점시장의 의의··············································· 360
03 과점시장의 특성 : 전략적 상황···················· 361
04 Cournot 모형·················································· 362
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 362
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 362
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 362
Ⅳ Cournot 균형·················································· 365
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 366
05 스타켈버그 균형··············································· 368
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 368
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 368
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선····················· 368
Ⅳ 스타켈버그 균형·············································· 369
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 370
Ⅵ 스타켈버그 불균형 : 두 기업 모두 선도자··· 370
06 베르뜨랑 모형···················································· 372
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 372
Ⅱ 순수과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 372
Ⅲ 차별과점과 베르뜨랑 모형····························· 374
Ⅳ 가격경쟁모형과 동이윤곡선··························· 375
07 독자적 행동모형 : 가격선도모형··················· 378
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 378
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 378
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화와 반응곡선······················ 378
Ⅳ 균형·································································· 379
Ⅴ 평가·································································· 380
08 굴절수요곡선 모형············································ 381
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 381
Ⅱ 가정··································································· 381
Ⅲ 굴절수요곡선과 기업의 이윤극대화·············· 381
Ⅳ 한계·································································· 382
09 불완전 담합모형················································· 383
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 383
Ⅱ 가정·································································· 383
Ⅲ 기업의 이윤극대화·········································· 383
Ⅳ 균형·································································· 384
10 완전담합 모형 : 카르텔 모형························· 385
Ⅰ 카르텔의 의의················································· 385
Ⅱ 카르텔의 이윤극대화······································ 385
Ⅲ 평가 : 안정성··················································· 387
11 광고의 이론·························································· 393
Ⅰ 광고(advertisement)의 의의························ 393
Ⅱ 광고의 긍정적 효과········································ 393
Ⅲ 광고의 부정적 효과········································ 393
12 비용할증 가격설정············································ 394
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 394
Ⅱ 비용할증과 이윤극대화·································· 394

Part 10 게임이론

01 게임이론의 중요성············································ 398
02 게임이론의 의의··············································· 398
03 게임의 유형························································ 399
Ⅰ 협조게임과 비협조게임·································· 399
Ⅱ 전략형(정규형)게임과 전개형 게임··············· 399
Ⅲ 동시게임과 순차게임······································ 400
Ⅳ 완전정보 게임과 불완전정보 게임················ 400
04 동시게임과 Nash균형···································· 401
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 401
Ⅱ 전략 : Nash전략············································· 401
Ⅲ 균형 : Nash균형············································· 402
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 402
05 동시게임과 우월 전략 균형··························· 406
Ⅰ 가정·································································· 406
Ⅱ 전략 : 우월전략··············································· 406
Ⅲ 균형 : 우월전략 균형······································ 407
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 407
Ⅴ 용의자 딜레마················································· 407
06 동시게임과 혼합전략 균형 : 동전 맞추기 게임 ·· 410
Ⅰ 가정 : 동전 맞추기 게임(matching pennies) 410
Ⅱ 전략 : 혼합전략··············································· 410
Ⅲ 균형 : 혼합전략균형········································ 412
Ⅳ 평가··································································· 413
07 정합게임과 안장점(saddle point) ············· 414
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 414
Ⅱ 전략 : 최소극대화전략···································· 414
Ⅲ 균형 : 안장점··················································· 415
Ⅳ 평가··································································· 415
08 순차 게임(완전정보게임)과 완전 균형······· 416
Ⅰ 가정··································································· 416
Ⅱ 전략··································································· 417
Ⅲ 균형··································································· 417
Ⅳ 위협의 신빙성과 공약···································· 420
09 불완전 정보(imperfect information)게임 ······· 422
Ⅰ 불완전정보게임··············································· 422
Ⅱ 용의자 딜레마················································· 423
Ⅲ 진입게임··························································· 424
Ⅳ 동일한 전략형 게임을 갖는 서로 다른 전개형 게임 · 425
10 반복게임(repeated game) ·························· 431
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 431
Ⅱ 유형··································································· 431
Ⅲ 유한반복게임···················································· 431
Ⅳ 무한반복게임··················································· 432
11 경매이론(auction theory) ···························· 438
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 438
Ⅱ 경매방식·························································· 438
Ⅲ 비교·································································· 439

Part 11 공공재

01 공공재의 의의···················································· 444
02 공공재의 특성··················································· 445
Ⅰ 비배제성(non-excludability) ······················· 445
Ⅱ 비경합성(non-rivalry) ··································· 445
Ⅲ 재화의 종류(경합성과 배제성 기준) ············· 446
03 최적 배분···························································· 447
Ⅰ 사용재의 최적배분·········································· 447
Ⅱ 공공재의 최적배분·········································· 449
04 시장실패····························································· 453
Ⅰ Samuelson 명제············································ 453
Ⅱ 무임승차자 문제·············································· 453
05 시장 대응 : 비순수공공재······························ 456
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 456
Ⅱ 비순수공공재와 시장대응······························ 456
06 정부대응······························································ 457
Ⅰ 린달의 조세체계(Lindahl's tax scheme) ···· 457
Ⅱ 수요표출 조세체계(demand revelation tax scheme) 458

Part 12 외부성

01 의의······································································· 462
02 유형······································································ 464
Ⅰ 생산의 외부 불경제········································ 464
Ⅱ 생산의 외부경제·············································· 465
Ⅲ 소비의 외부경제·············································· 465
Ⅳ 소비의 외부불경제·········································· 466
Ⅴ 정리·································································· 467
03 최적배분······························································ 468
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 468
Ⅱ 최적의 생산량················································· 468
Ⅲ 최적의 오염물질 방출 수준··························· 469
Ⅳ 일반균형분석··················································· 470
Ⅴ 개별기업··························································· 470
Ⅵ 환경정책의 시사점··········································· 471
04 시장실패······························································ 472
Ⅰ 완전경쟁시장··················································· 472
Ⅱ 시장의 오염물질 방출수준····························· 472
Ⅲ 일반균형분석··················································· 473
Ⅳ 개별기업··························································· 474
Ⅴ 공유재의 비극(tragedy of the commons) ················ 475
05 시장의 외부성 해결·········································· 479
Ⅰ 합병·································································· 479
Ⅱ 코즈 정리(Coase theorem) ·························· 479
06 정부의 외부성 해결········································· 484
Ⅰ 직접규제·························································· 484
Ⅱ 공해세(피구세) ················································ 485
Ⅲ 오염허가서(pollution permits) ····················· 489
Ⅳ 우리나라의 환경관련 부담금························· 492

Part 13 정보 경제학

01 의의······································································· 496
02 역선택·································································· 499
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 499
Ⅱ 보험시장과 역선택·········································· 499
Ⅲ 중고차시장과 역선택······································ 505
Ⅳ 금융시장과 역선택·········································· 508
Ⅴ 노동시장과 역선택·········································· 510
Ⅵ 역선택에 대한 대응방안································· 514
03 도덕적 해이························································· 516
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 516
Ⅱ 화재보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 516
Ⅲ 의료보험시장과 도덕적 해이·························· 521
Ⅳ 금융시장과 도덕적 해이································· 523
Ⅴ 노동시장과 도덕적 해이································· 524
Ⅵ 도덕적 해이에 대한 대응방안························ 531
04 정보재의 이론··················································· 533
Ⅰ 정보재(information goods)의 의의 ···················· 533
Ⅱ 정보재의 특성················································· 533
Ⅲ 정보재의 가격 결정········································ 533
Ⅳ 정보재 시장····················································· 534

Part 14 생산 요소 시장

01 생산요소시장의 중요성···································· 538
02 생산요소시장의 의의······································· 538
03 가계의 노동공급 선택····································· 540
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 540
Ⅱ 임금과 노동평면············································· 540
Ⅲ 여가와 소득평면·············································· 541
04 기업의 노동수요 선택····································· 544
Ⅰ 직관과 그림····················································· 544
Ⅱ 수식·································································· 548
05 완전경쟁과 생산요소시장······························ 550
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 550
Ⅱ 요소수요곡선 : 기업의 이윤극대화··············· 550
Ⅲ 요소시장의 균형·············································· 555
Ⅳ 평가·································································· 557
Ⅴ 지대·································································· 558
06 불완전경쟁시장과 생산요소시장·················· 562
Ⅰ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 완전경쟁····· 562
Ⅱ 상품시장의 경쟁과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 564
Ⅲ 상품사장의 독점과 요소시장의 수요독점····· 566
Ⅳ 상품시장의 독점과 요소시장의 공급독점····· 568
Ⅴ 쌍방독점························································· 570
Ⅵ 최저임금제도···················································· 571
07 재분배정책·························································· 575
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 575
Ⅱ 기능별 소득분배이론 : 한계생산성 이론······ 575
Ⅲ 불평등도 지수·················································· 578
08 자본시장과 투자··············································· 583
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 583
Ⅱ 투자이론·························································· 583

Part 15 시장과 정부

01 시장과 정부의 중요성······································ 592
02 시장의 힘 : 완전경쟁시장의 효율성··········· 593
Ⅰ 부분균형분석··················································· 593
Ⅱ 순수교환경제··················································· 593
Ⅲ 생산경제·························································· 603
Ⅳ 후생경제학 제1정리········································· 610
Ⅴ 불확실성과 일반균형······································· 611
03 시장실패······························································· 617
Ⅰ 의의··································································· 617
Ⅱ 효율성······························································· 617
Ⅲ 공평성······························································· 618
04 정부의 힘····························································· 620
Ⅰ 효율성······························································ 620
Ⅱ 공평성······························································ 620
05 정부실패(government failure) ················ 629
Ⅰ 의의·································································· 629
Ⅱ 효율성······························································ 629
Ⅲ 공평성 : 불가능성 정리(impossibility theorem) ····632
Ⅳ 안정 : 루카스 비판(Lucas critique) ············· 632 ?