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Acknowledgements viii
Preface ix
Introduction 1 (13)
A comparison of the mating systems of 1 (3)
plants and animals
The role played by flowering plant breeding 4 (5)
systems in their evolution
Gender distribution in flowering plants 9 (3)
Primary and secondary breeding systems in 12 (2)
the flowering plants
Sexual theory in seed plants 14 (36)
Fundamentals of sexual reproduction 14 (2)
Distribution of sexual reproduction 16 (1)
Advantages of sexual reproduction 17 (7)
Disadvantages of sexual reproduction 24 (1)
Gender resource allocation and pollen/ovule 25 (7)
ratios
Sexual selection 32 (10)
Sexual systems and genotype frequencies 42 (8)
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants 50 (18)
The significance of the gynoecium (pistil) 50 (2)
Stamens, pollen and the male gametophyte 52 (3)
Pollen germination 55 (2)
Pollen tube growth 57 (4)
Double fusion 61 (2)
The ovule and female gametophyte 63 (5)
Floral diversity and pollination 68 (79)
Patterns of floral evolution 68 (3)
Development of perianth shape 71 (20)
Development of perianth colour, scent and 91 (31)
nectar
Development of the androecium and gynoecium 122 (14)
Development of the inflorescence 136 (4)
Special cases of pollination syndrome 140 (4)
Conclusion: pollination and the ecosystem 144 (3)
Pollination biology and gene flow 147 (53)
Introduction 147 (1)
Foraging theory 147 (1)
Foraging strategies 148 (13)
Time-niche strategies 161 (4)
Pollen travel within and between plants 165 (22)
Neighbourhood and gene flow 187 (5)
Seed dispersal 192 (2)
Assortative mating 194 (6)
Multi-allelic self-incompatibility 200 (42)
Introduction 200 (2)
The basis of multi-allelic gametophytic 202 (3)
self-incompatibility (gsi)
Gametophytic and sporophytic systems 205 (6)
Genetic control of gametophytic (gsi) 211 (13)
systems
Genetic control of multi-allelic 224 (6)
sporophytic (ssi) systems
The functioning of self-incompatibility 230 (9)
Late-acting self-incompatibility 239 (3)
Heteromorphy 242 (55)
Introduction 242 (2)
Distribution of heteromorphy 244 (2)
Forms of heteromorphy 246 (3)
Function of heteromorphic characters 249 (7)
Structure of the heteromorphy linkage 256 (9)
group; recombinational homostyles in Primula
Primary homostyles 265 (4)
The functioning of diallelic 269 (10)
self-incompatibility
The evolution of heteromorphic systems 279 (8)
Casual secondary homostyly 287 (3)
Permanent secondary homostyly 290 (5)
Other means by which heterostyly can break 295 (2)
down
Dicliny 297 (60)
Definitions 297 (1)
Dioecy 298 (7)
The control of dioecy 305 (7)
The stability of sex expression 312 (6)
Gynodioecy 318 (14)
Androdioecy 332 (2)
Subandroecy, trioecy, polygamy and 334 (3)
subdioecy (where some flowers are
hermaphrodite)
Monoecy 337 (4)
Secondary sex characters 341 (6)
Competitive interactions between genders 347 (4)
Gender ratios 351 (6)
Self-fertilization and inbreeding 357 (39)
Introduction 357 (4)
Self-pollination 361 (6)
Levels of selfing 367 (11)
The effect of selfing 378 (6)
Inbreeding depression and hybrid vigour 384 (10)
Phenotypic (morphological) variation among 394 (2)
inbreeders
Agamospermy 396 (55)
Introduction 396 (2)
Potential advantages and disadvantages of 398 (4)
agamospermy
Mechanisms of agamospermy 402 (11)
Origins of agamospermy 413 (7)
Genetic control of agamospermy 420 (5)
Distribution of agamospermy 425 (4)
Genetic diversity in agamosperms 429 (12)
Adventitious embryony 441 (5)
Agamospermy and plant breeding 446 (2)
Conclusion 448 (3)
Conclusion 451 (5)
Appendix A: Glossary 456 (15)
References 471 (42)
Index 513