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Preface xiii
Introduction: Preliminary considerations in the xv
teaching of pronunciation
Biological factors xv
Socio-cultural factors xvi
Personality factors xvi
The role of the native language xvii
Setting realistic goals xviii
PART ONE: The sound system of English
Spelling and pronunciation
The English spelling system 3 (1)
Sound-spelling correspondences 4 (2)
Spelling in other languages 6 (1)
The phonetic alphabet 6 (2)
Exercises 8 (3)
Individual sounds of English
How speech sounds are made 11 (1)
Consonants and vowels 12 (1)
The description of English consonants 12 (1)
Place of articulation 12 (6)
Manner of articulation 18 (6)
Voicing 24 (2)
Summary 26 (3)
The description of English vowels 28 (1)
Tongue height 29 (1)
Frontness/backness of tongue 30 (1)
Tenseness/laxness 31 (1)
Lip rounding 32 (1)
Phonetic symbols for vowels 32 (2)
Complex vowels (diphthongs) 34 (1)
The vowel /er/ 34 (1)
The consonant /h/ 35 (1)
Semi-vowels (glides) 35 (1)
Exercises 35 (4)
English sounds in context
Positional variation 39 (1)
Contrastive sounds of English 39 (1)
Non-contrastive sounds of English 40 (5)
Implications for teaching 45 (2)
Conclusion 47 (1)
Grammatical endings 47 (1)
The regular past tense 47 (2)
The plural, possessive, and third person 49 (2)
singular
Grammatical endings in the pronunciation 51 (1)
classroom
Exercises 51 (2)
The shape of English words
Syllable types 53 (1)
Consonant clusters 54 (6)
Exercises 60 (3)
Word stress and vowel reduction
What is stress? 63 (1)
Schwa 63 (3)
Major and minor stress 66 (1)
Placement of word stress 67 (4)
Exercises 71 (2)
Connected Speech
Rhythm, sentence stress, and intonation 73 (1)
The stress-timed rhythm of English 73 (1)
Placement of stress in sentences 74 (2)
Intonation 76 (5)
Modifications of sounds in connected 81 (1)
speech
The pronunciation of function words 81 (3)
Linking 84 (2)
Deletion of consonants 86 (1)
Assimilation 87 (2)
Summary 89 (1)
Exercises 89 (4)
PART TWO: The identification and correction of
specific pronunciation problems
Introduction 93 (2)
Common pronunciation problems
English vowels 95 (6)
English consonants 101 (5)
Stress, rhythm, and intonation 106 (5)
Problems of selected language groups
Arabic 111 (3)
Chinese 114 (5)
Farsi 119 (2)
French 121 (2)
German 123 (2)
Greek 125 (3)
Hindi and Punjabi 128 (4)
Italian 132 (2)
Japanese 134 (4)
Korean 138 (4)
Polish 142 (3)
Portuguese 145 (4)
Spanish 149 (4)
Vietnamese 153 (8)
PART THREE: Classroom activities
Introduction 161 (2)
A communicative approach to pronunciation
teaching
Introduction 163 (2)
Consonants and vowels 165 (3)
Connected speech 168 (1)
Suprasegmentals 169 (1)
Monitoring 170 (1)
Conclusion 171 (2)
Pronunciation syllabus design: a question of
focus
The zoom principle 173 (1)
Assessing learner variables 173 (1)
Collection of speech samples 174 (1)
Diagnosis of speech samples 175 (3)
From diagnosis to syllabus design 178 (3)
Monitoring progress 181 (1)
Appendix: Student diagnostic profile 182 (3)
Suprasegmentals in the pronunciation class:
setting priorities
Introduction 185 (1)
Stress/unstress 186 (2)
Stress and rhythm 188 (1)
Major sentence stress 189 (3)
Intonation 192 (2)
Linking and pausing 194 (1)
Palatalization 195 (1)
Conclusion 196 (1)
Pronunciation-based listening exercises for
the multi-level class
Introduction 197 (2)
Minimal pairs 199 (2)
Stress assignment 201 (1)
Function words 202 (2)
Intonation 204 (1)
Conclusion 205 (2)
Teaching pronunciation: an inventory of
techniques
Introduction 207 (1)
Individual sounds 207 (1)
Minimal pairs 207 (2)
Visual aids 209 (3)
Stress, rhythm, and intonation 210 (2)
Developing fluency 212 (2)
Conclusion 214 (1)
Developing self-correcting and
self-monitoring strategies
Introduction 215 (1)
Self-correction 216 (2)
Self-monitoring 218 (1)
Conclusion 219 (2)
Developing natural and confident speech:
drama techniques in the pronunciation class
Introduction 221 (1)
Articulation 222 (2)
Pitch, volume, and rate 224 (2)
Variety 226 (1)
Conclusion 227 (2)
Unintelligibility and the ESL learner
Introduction 229 (3)
The receiver 232 (2)
The sender 234 (2)
Conclusion 236 (1)
Glossary 237 (4)
Further reading 241 (5)
Bibliography 246 (4)
Contributors 250 (2)
Index 252

This introduction to the pronunciation of American English describes the sound system, suggests ways of tackling pronunciation problems, and provides a variety of techniques and exercises for use in the classroom.