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Acknowledgments vi
Introduction 1 (4)
What is research? 5 (17)
Introduction 5 (1)
Research as a natural process 6 (3)
Scientific research and common sense 9 (4)
Finding answers: How do we know something? 13 (4)
Basic, applied, and practical research 17 (3)
Summary 20 (1)
Activities 20 (1)
References 21 (1)
A paradigm for second language research 22 (21)
Research and the phenomena of second 22 (2)
language
Four parameters for second language research 24 (1)
Synthetic and analytic approaches 25 (4)
Heuristic and deductive objectives 29 (3)
Control and manipulation of the research 32 (5)
context
Data and data collection 37 (3)
Summary 40 (1)
Activities 41 (1)
References 42 (1)
The preparatory stages of research 43 (22)
Introduction 43 (1)
Where do research questions come from? 44 (1)
The general question 45 (6)
Focusing the question 51 (6)
Deciding on an objective or purpose 57 (3)
Formulating the research plan or the 60 (3)
hypothesis
Summary 63 (1)
Activities 63 (1)
References 64 (1)
Contextualization of research 65 (22)
The what and why of contextualization 65 (4)
Locating the sources for the literature 69 (9)
review
Reading the literature 78 (3)
Organizing and reporting the review of the 81 (3)
literature
Summary 84 (1)
Activities 85 (1)
References 85 (2)
The components of research 87 (26)
The need for a plan 87 (1)
The research plan and the type of research 88 (1)
Making predictions and controlling variables 89 (3)
Making the research more effective 92 (1)
Types of data and variables 93 (2)
Internal and external validity 95 (16)
Summary 111(1)
Activities 111(1)
References 112(1)
Research design: qualitative and descriptive 113(22)
research
Introduction 113(5)
Qualitative research 118(6)
Descriptive research 124(6)
Multivariate and correlational research 130(3)
Summary 133(1)
Activities 133(1)
References 134(1)
Research design: experimental research 135(18)
Introduction 135(1)
The major components of experimental 136(2)
research
Single group designs 138(3)
Designs using control groups 141(4)
Factorial designs 145(3)
Quasi-experimental designs 148(1)
Separate sample designs 149(1)
Summary 150(1)
Activities 151(1)
References 151(2)
Data and data collection procedures 153(48)
Introduction 153(3)
The data collection parameter 156(2)
Description of data collection procedures 158(26)
Assuring the quality of the data and the 184(5)
data collection procedures
Using, adapting, and developing data 189(8)
collection procedures
Summary 197(1)
Activities 197(1)
References 198(3)
Analyzing the data 201(42)
Data analysis and the design of the study 201(3)
Analyzing qualitative research data 204(7)
Analyzing descriptive research data 211(7)
Analyzing correlational research data 218(4)
Analyzing multivariate research data 222(9)
Analyzing experimental research data 231(7)
Using the computer for data analysis 238(1)
Summary 239(2)
Activities 241(1)
References 241(2)
Putting it all together 243(18)
Reporting, summarizing, and interpreting 243(7)
the results
Reporting research 250(3)
Closing the research cycle? 253(5)
Summary 258(1)
Activities 258(1)
References 259(2)
Appendix References for further reading 261(6)
Index 267