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About the Authors iii
Preface to the Fourth Edition v
General Nomenclature xiii
Dimensions and Units xvii
1. Separation Processes 1
1.0? Instructional Objectives 1
1.1? Industrial Chemical Processes 1
1.2? Basic Separation Techniques 3
1.3? Separations by Phase Creation 4
1.4? Separations by Phase Addition 6
1.5? Separations by Barrier 7
1.6? Separations by an External Field or
Gradient 7
1.7? Brief Comparison of Common Separation
Operations 8
1.8? Separation Processes, Product Purity,
Component Recovery, and Separation
Sequences 9
Summary, References, Study Questions,
Exercises
2. Thermodynamics of Separation Operations 16
2.0? Instructional Objectives 16
2.1? Phase Equilibria 16
2.2? Ideal-Gas, Ideal-Liquid-Solution Model 20
2.3? Graphical Representation of Thermodynamic
Properties 21
2.4? Nonideal Thermodynamic Property
Models 23
2.5? P-v-T Equation-of-State (EOS) Models 23
2.6? Highly Nonideal Liquid Solutions 27
2.7? Gibbs Excess Free-Energy (gE) Models 29
2.8? Predictive Models 34
2.9? Electrolyte Solution Models 36
2.10? Polymer Solution Models 36
2.11? K-Value Methods in Process Simulators 36
2.12? Exergy and Second-Law Analysis 37
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
3. Mass Transfer and Diffusion 46
3.0? Instructional Objectives 46
3.1? Steady-State, Ordinary Molecular
Diffusion 47
3.2? Diffusion Coefficients (Diffusivities) 51
3.3? Steady-State and Unsteady-State Mass Transfer
Through Stationary Media 58
3.4? Mass Transfer in Laminar Flow 60
3.5? Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow 68
3.6? Models for Mass Transfer in Fluids with a
Fluid?Fluid Interface 73
3.7? Two-Film Theory and Overall Mass-Transfer
Coefficients 76
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
4. Single Equilibrium Stages and Flash
Calculations 87
4.0? Instructional Objectives 87
4.1? Gibbs’ Phase Rule and Degrees of
Freedom 88
4.2? Binary Vapor?Liquid Systems at
Equilibrium 89
4.3? Equilibrium Two-Phase Flash Calculations 93
4.4? Ternary Liquid?Liquid Systems at
Equilibrium 97
4.5? Multicomponent Liquid?Liquid Systems 101
4.6? Liquid?Solid Systems 102
4.7? Gas?Liquid Systems 104
4.8? Gas?Solid Systems 105
4.9? Three-Phase Equilibrium Systems 107
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
5. Multistage Cascades and Hybrid Systems 118
5.0? Instructional Objectives 118
5.1? Cascade Configurations 118
5.2? Single-Section Liquid?Liquid Extraction
Cascades 119
5.3? Two-Section Distillation Cascades 121
5.4? Membrane Cascades 123
5.5? Hybrid Systems 125
5.6? Degrees of Freedom and Specifications for
Cascades 125
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
6. Absorption and Stripping 137
6.0? Instructional Objectives 137
6.1? Equipment for Vapor?Liquid
Separations 138
6.2? General Design Considerations 143
6.3? Graphical Method for Trayed Towers 144
6.4? Kremser Group Method for Multicomponent
Absorption and Stripping 148
6.5? Stage Efficiency and Column Height for Trayed
Columns 154
6.6? Flooding, Column Diameter, and Tray Layout
for Trayed Columns 161
6.7? Rate-Based Method for Packed Columns 164
6.8? Packed-Column Liquid Holdup, Diameter,
Flooding, Pressure Drop, and Mass-Transfer
Efficiency 169
6.9? Reactive (Chemical) Absorption 180
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
7. Distillation of Binary Mixtures 191
7.0? Instructional Objectives 191
7.1? Equipment and Design Considerations 193
7.2? McCabe?Thiele Graphical Method for Trayed
Towers 193
7.3? Extensions of the McCabe?Thiele
Method 203
7.4? Estimation of Tray Efficiency for
Distillation 208
7.5? Column and Reflux-Drum Diameters 215
7.6? Rate-Based Method for Packed Distillation
Columns 216
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
8. Liquid?Liquid Extraction with Ternary
Systems 231
8.0? Instructional Objectives 231
8.1? Equipment for Solvent Extraction 233
8.2? General Design Considerations 239
8.3? Hunter?Nash Graphical Equilibrium-Stage
Method 243
8.4? Theory and Scale-Up of Extractor
Performance 252
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
9. Approximate Methods for Multicomponent
Distillation 267
9.0? Instructional Objectives 267
9.1? Fenske?Underwood?Gilliland (FUG)
Method 267
9.2? Using the Shortcut (FUG) Method with Process
Simulators 279
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
10. Equilibrium-Based Methods for Multicomponent
Absorption, Stripping, Distillation, and
Extraction 284
10.0? Instructional Objectives 284
10.1? Simple Model for a Vapor?Liquid Equilibrium
Stage 284
10.2? Evolution of Methods for Solving the Mesh
Equations 286
10.3? Strategies for Applying Process-Simulator
Methods 287
10.4? Main Mathematical Procedures 291
10.5? Bubble-Point (BP) and Sum-Rates (SR)
Methods 294
10.6? Simultaneous-Correction Method 297
10.7? Inside-Out Method 304
10.8? Rigorous Methods for Liquid?Liquid
Extraction 309
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
11. Enhanced Distillation and Supercritical
Extraction 320
11.0? Instructional Objectives 320
11.1? Use of Triangular Graphs 321
11.2? Extractive Distillation 332
11.3? Salt Distillation 335
11.4? Pressure-Swing Distillation 337
11.5? Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 339
11.6? Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation 343
11.7? Reactive Distillation 352
11.8? Supercritical-Fluid Extraction 357
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
12. Rate-Based Models for Vapor?Liquid Separation
Operations 368
12.0? Instructional Objectives 368
12.1? Rate-Based Model 370
12.2? Thermodynamic Properties and Transport-Rate
Expressions 372
12.3? Methods for Estimating Transport Coefficients
and Interfacial Area 375
12.4? Vapor and Liquid Flow Patterns 375
12.5? Method of Calculation 376
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
13. Batch Distillation 385
13.0? Instructional Objectives 385
13.1? Differential Distillation 385
13.2? Binary Batch Rectification 388
13.3? Batch Stripping and Complex Batch
Distillation 390
13.4? Effect of Liquid Holdup 391
13.5? Stage-by-Stage Methods for Batch
Rectification 391
13.6? Intermediate-Cut Strategy 400
13.7? Optimal Control by Variation of Reflux
Ratio 401
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
?Suitable for an UG course
?Optional
?Advanced
14. Membrane Separations 408
14.0? Instructional Objectives 408
14.1? Membrane Materials 410
14.2? Membrane Modules 414
14.3? Mass Transfer in Membranes 416
14.4? Dialysis 430
14.5? Electrodialysis 432
14.6? Reverse Osmosis 434
14.7? Gas Permeation 438
14.8? Pervaporation 441
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
15. Adsorption, Ion Exchange, and
Chromatography 451
15.0? Instructional Objectives 451
15.1? Sorbents 453
15.2? Equilibrium Considerations 461
15.3? Kinetic and Transport Rate
Considerations 470
15.4? Equipment for Sorption Operations 475
15.5? Slurry and Fixed-Bed Adsorption
Systems 479
15.6? Continuous, Countercurrent Adsorption
Systems 494
15.7? Ion-Exchange Cycle 502
15.8? Chromatographic Separations 503
Nomenclature, Summary, References, Study
Questions, Exercises
Answers to Selected Exercises 519
Index 521