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Preface for Teachers
Acknowledgements xvii

PART 1 Setting Out

UNIT 1 What Is Linguistics? 9
UNIT 2 What Is Syntax About? 21

PART II Grammars as Theories 35

UNIT 3 Introducing Phrase Structure Rules 41
UNIT 4 Grammars 53
UNIT 5 Working with Grammars 65

PART III Choosing between Theories 79

UNIT 6 Comparing Rules and Theories 83
UNIT 7 Constituency and Constituency Tests 99
UNIT 8 Trees and Tree Relations 115
UNIT 9 Determining Category 127
UNIT 10 Revising, Refining, and Reconsidering 135

PART IV Arguing for a Theory 165

UNIT 11 Constructing Arguments I 169
UNIT 12 Constructing Arguments II 179

PART V Searching for Explanation 195

UNIT 13 Introducing the Lexicon 201
UNIT 14 Features, Heads, and Phrases 213
UNIT 15 Verbal Complements and Adjuncts 227
UNIT 16 Distinguishing Complements and Adjuncts 235
UNIT 17 Attaching Complements 247
UNIT 18 Attaching Adjuncts 259

PART VI Following the Consequences 279

UNIT 19 Complement Sentences I 283
UNIT 20 Complement Sentences II 297
UNIT 21 Invisible Lexical Items 209
UNIT 22 NP Structure 327
UNIT 23 X-Bar Theory 343

PART VII Expanding and Constraining the Theory 363

UNIT 24 Interrogatives and Movement 369
UNIT 25 More on Wh -Movement 383
UNIT 26 Constraints on Movement I 395
UNIT 27 Constraints on Movement II 405
UNIT 28 Parametric Variation 413

Reference 427

Index

This introductory text takes a novel approach to the study of syntax. Grammar as Science offers an introduction to syntax as an exercise in scientific theory construction. Syntax provides an excellent instrument for introducing students from a wide variety of backgrounds to the principles of scientific theorizing and scientific thought; it engages general intellectual themes present in all scientific theorizing as well as those arising specifically within the modern cognitive sciences. The book is intended for students majoring in linguistics as well as nonlinguistics majors who are taking the course to fulfill undergraduate requirements.

Grammar as Science covers such core topics in syntax as phrase structure, constituency, the lexicon, inaudible elements, movement rules, and transformational constraints, while emphasizing scientific reasoning skills. The individual units are organized thematically into sections that highlight important components of this enterprise, including choosing between theories, constructing explicit arguments for hypotheses, and the conflicting demands that push us toward expanding our technical toolkit on the one hand and constraining it on the other.

Grammar as Science is constructed as a "laboratory science" course in which students actively experiment with linguistic data. Syntactica, a software application tool that allows students to create and explore simple grammars in a graphical, interactive way, is available online in conjunction with the book. Students are encouraged to "try the rules out," and build grammars rule-by-rule, checking the consequences at each stage.