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Preface xi
Acknowledgments xvii
Introduction 1 (6)
History of the Profession 1 (1)
What Is Layout Design? 2 (2)
IC Design Flow 4 (3)
Schematic Fundamentals 7 (15)
The MOS Transistor: The Basic Circuit 7 (3)
Structure
Logic Gates 10 (6)
Transmission Gates 16 (1)
Understanding the Schematic Connectivity 17 (1)
Review of Fundamental Electrical Laws 18 (4)
Layout Design 22 (46)
Introduction to CMOS VLSI Manufacturing 22 (1)
Processes
Layers and Connectivity 23 (5)
Introduction to Transistor Layout 28 (7)
Process Design Rules 35 (6)
Vertical Connection Diagram 41 (1)
A General Procedure to Follow 42 (1)
Preparing to Start 43 (7)
General Guidelines 50 (9)
Implementing the Design 59 (4)
Verification 63 (2)
Final Steps 65 (3)
Layout Design Flows 68 (23)
What Is a Flow? 68 (3)
Microprocessor Design Flow 71 (2)
ASSPs 73 (4)
Memories 77 (1)
System on a Chip, or SOC 78 (1)
CAD Tools as Part of a Flow 79 (12)
Advanced Techniques for Specialized 91 (46)
Building-Block Layout Design
Standard Cell Libraries 91 (16)
Special Logic Cells 107 (7)
Pad Cells 114 (9)
Memory Design Leaf Cells 123 (6)
Laser Fuse Cells 129 (3)
Chip Finishing Cells 132 (5)
Advanced Techniques for Building-Block 137 (17)
Interconnect Layout Design
Power Grid 138 (3)
Clock Signals 141 (2)
Interconnect Routing 143 (11)
Layout Design Techniques to Address 154 (29)
Electrical Characteristics
Resistance 154 (5)
Capacitance 159 (10)
Symmetry 169 (6)
Special Electrical Requirements 175 (8)
Layout Considerations due to Process 183 (18)
Constraints
Wide Metal Slits 183 (3)
Large Metal via Implementations 186 (1)
Step Coverage Rules 187 (2)
Multiple Rule Sets 189 (2)
Antenna Rules 191 (1)
Special Design Rules 192 (2)
Latch-Up 194 (7)
Layout Design Techniques in an Uncertain 201 (15)
Environment
Layout of Circuits Designed for Change 201 (6)
Planning for Unknown Changes 207 (4)
Engineering Change Orders 211 (2)
Guidelines for Proper Layout 213 (3)
Computer-Aided Design (CAD) Tools for Layout 216 (29)
Introduction 216 (3)
Planning Tools 219 (5)
Layout Generation Tools 224 (12)
Support Tools 236 (9)
Appendices 245 (12)
Index 257

This book includes basic methodologies, review of basic electrical rules and how they apply, design rules, IC planning, detailed checklists for design review, specific layout design flows, specialized block design, interconnect design, and also additional information on design limitations due to production requirements.