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Acknowledgments | p. xi |
Introduction | p. xiii |
Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identification | p. 1 |
SNR Requirements | p. 4 |
The Johnson Criteria | p. 4 |
Probability of Detection Estimation | p. 8 |
Correcting for Probability of Chance | p. 9 |
Detection Criteria | p. 10 |
Estimating Probability Criteria from N[subscript 50] | p. 11 |
Gimbal to Slewed Weight | p. 14 |
Identification and Recognition Improvement for Interpolation | p. 14 |
Resolution Requirement | p. 15 |
MTF Squeeze | p. 16 |
Psychometric Function | p. 18 |
Rayleigh Criterion | p. 20 |
Resolution Required to Read a Letter | p. 22 |
Subpixel Accuracy | p. 24 |
National Image Interpretability Rating Scale Criteria | p. 27 |
Astronomy | p. 31 |
Atmospheric "Seeing" | p. 33 |
Blackbody Temperature of the Sun | p. 33 |
Direct Lunar Radiance | p. 34 |
Number of Actuators in an Adaptive Optic | p. 35 |
Number of Infrared Sources per Square Degree | p. 37 |
Number of Stars as a Function of Wavelength | p. 39 |
Number of Stars above a Given Irradiance | p. 40 |
Photon Rate at a Focal Plane | p. 40 |
Reduction of Magnitude by Airmass | p. 41 |
A Simple Model of Stellar Populations | p. 42 |
Atmospherics | p. 45 |
Atmospheric Attenuation or Beer's Law | p. 47 |
Impact of Weather on Visibility | p. 48 |
Atmospheric Transmission as a Function of Visibility | p. 50 |
Bandwidth Requirement for Adaptive Optics | p. 51 |
C[superscript 2 subscript n] Estimates | p. 52 |
C[superscript 2 subscript n] as a Function of Weather | p. 54 |
Free-Space Link Margins | p. 56 |
Fried Parameter | p. 57 |
Index of Refraction of Air | p. 59 |
The Partial Pressure of Water Vapor | p. 62 |
Phase Error Estimation | p. 62 |
Shack-Hartmann Noise | p. 63 |
Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Parameters | p. 66 |
Visibility Distance for Rayleigh and Mie Scattering | p. 66 |
Backgrounds | p. 69 |
Clutter and Signal-to-Clutter Ratio | p. 72 |
Clutter PSD Form | p. 73 |
Earth's Emission and Reflection | p. 74 |
Effective Sky Temperature | p. 75 |
Emissivity Approximations | p. 77 |
Frame Differencing Gain | p. 78 |
General Infrared Clutter Behavior | p. 79 |
Illuminance Changes during Twilight | p. 80 |
Reflectivity of a Wet Surface | p. 81 |
Sky Irradiance | p. 82 |
Spencer's Signal-to-Clutter Ratio as a Function of Resolution | p. 83 |
Cryogenics | p. 85 |
Bottle Failure | p. 88 |
Cold Shield Coatings | p. 89 |
Cooler Capacity Equation | p. 90 |
Cooling with Solid Cryogen | p. 91 |
Failure Probabilities for Cryocoolers | p. 92 |
Joule-Thomson Clogging | p. 93 |
Joule-Thomson Gas Bottle Weights | p. 94 |
Sine Rule of Improved Performance from Cold Shields | p. 95 |
Stirling Cooler Efficiency | p. 97 |
Temperature Limits on Detector/Dewar | p. 98 |
Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulation | p. 98 |
Cryocooler Sizing Rule | p. 99 |
Radiant Input from Dewars | p. 100 |
Detectors | p. 101 |
APD Performance | p. 105 |
Responsivity of Avalanche Photodiodes | p. 105 |
Defining Background-Limited Performance for Detectors | p. 107 |
Digitizer Sizing | p. 108 |
HgCdTe "x" Concentration | p. 109 |
Martin's Detector DC Pedestal | p. 110 |
Noise Bandwidth of Detectors | p. 112 |
Nonuniformity Effects on SNR | p. 113 |
Peak versus Cutoff | p. 114 |
Performance Dependence on R[subscript 0]A | p. 115 |
Responsivity and Quantum Efficiency | p. 116 |
Shot Noise Rule | p. 118 |
Specifying 1/f Noise | p. 118 |
Well Capacity | p. 121 |
IR Detector Sensitivity to Temperature | p. 121 |
Displays | p. 123 |
Analog Square Pixel Aspect Ratios | p. 125 |
Comfort in Viewing Displays | p. 125 |
Common Sense for Displays | p. 126 |
Contrast | p. 126 |
Gamma | p. 128 |
Gray Levels for Human Observers | p. 129 |
Horizontal Sweep | p. 130 |
Kell Factor | p. 131 |
NTSC Display Analog Video Format | p. 132 |
The Rose Threshold | p. 133 |
Wald and Ricco's Law for Display Detection | p. 134 |
Display Lines to Spatial Resolution | p. 135 |
The Human Eye | p. 137 |
Cone Density of the Human Eye | p. 141 |
Data Latency for Human Perception | p. 142 |
Dyschromatopic Vision | p. 143 |
Energy Flow into the Eye | p. 145 |
Eye Motion during the Formation of an Image | p. 146 |
Frequency at which Sequences of Images Appear as a Smooth Flow | p. 147 |
Eye Resolution | p. 149 |
Little Bits of Eye Stuff | p. 149 |
Old-Age Rules | p. 151 |
Optical Fields of View | p. 153 |
Pupil Size | p. 154 |
The Quantum Efficiency of Cones | p. 155 |
Retinal Illumination | p. 156 |
Rod Density Peaks around an Eccentricity of 30[degree] | p. 158 |
Simplified Optics Transfer Functions for the Components of the Eye | p. 160 |
Stereograph Distance | p. 161 |
Superposition of Colors | p. 161 |
Vision Creating a Field of View | p. 163 |
Lasers | p. 165 |
Aperture Size for Laser Beams | p. 167 |
Atmospheric Absorption of a 10.6-[mu]m Laser | p. 167 |
Cross Section of a Retro-reflector | p. 168 |
Gaussian Beam Radius Relationships | p. 170 |
Increased Requirement for Rangefinder SNR to Overcome Atmospheric Effects | p. 172 |
Laser Beam Divergence | p. 173 |
Laser Beam Quality | p. 174 |
Laser Beam Scintillation | p. 175 |
Laser Beam Spread | p. 177 |
Laser Beam Spread Compared with Diffraction | p. 179 |
Laser Beam Wander Variance | p. 180 |
Laser Brightness | p. 180 |
LED vs. Laser Reliability | p. 182 |
LIDAR Performance | p. 185 |
On-Axis Intensity of a Beam | p. 186 |
Peak Intensity of a Beam with Intervening Atmosphere | p. 187 |
Pointing of a Beam of Light | p. 189 |
Pulse Stretching in Scattering Environments | p. 190 |
Thermal Focusing in Rod Lasers | p. 191 |
Material Properties | p. 195 |
Cauchy Equation | p. 198 |
Diameter-to-Thickness (Aspect) Ratio for Mirrors | p. 199 |
Dip Coating | p. 201 |
Dome Collapse Pressure | p. 201 |
Figure Change of Metal Mirrors | p. 203 |
Mass Is Proportional to Element Size Cubed | p. 204 |
Mechanical Stability Rules | p. 205 |
Mirror Support Criteria | p. 206 |
Natural Frequency of a Deformable Mirror | p. 207 |
Pressure on a Plane Window | p. 208 |
Properties of Fused Silica | p. 211 |
Spin-Cast Mirrors | p. 212 |
Miscellaneous | p. 215 |
Amdahl's and Gustafson's Laws for Processing Speedup | p. 216 |
Arrhenius Equation | p. 217 |
Cost of a Photon | p. 218 |
Crickets as Thermometers | p. 219 |
Distance to Horizon | p. 220 |
Learning Curves | p. 220 |
Moore's Law | p. 222 |
Murphy's Law | p. 223 |
Noise Resulting from Quantization Error | p. 224 |
Noise Root Sum of Squares | p. 225 |
Photolithography Yield | p. 226 |
Solid Angles | p. 227 |
Speed of Light | p. 228 |
Ocean Optics | p. 229 |
Absorption Coefficient | p. 231 |
Absorption Caused by Chlorophyll | p. 232 |
Absorption of Ice at 532 nm | p. 233 |
Bathymetry | p. 234 |
f-Stop under Water | p. 235 |
Index of Refraction of Seawater | p. 236 |
Ocean Reflectance | p. 237 |
Underwater Detection | p. 238 |
Underwater Glow | p. 239 |
Wave Slope | p. 240 |
Optics | p. 241 |
Aberration Degrading the Blur Spot | p. 243 |
Aberration Scaling | p. 243 |
Acousto-optic Tunable Filter Bandpass | p. 244 |
Blur vs. Field-Dependent Aberrations | p. 245 |
Circular Variable Filters | p. 246 |
Defocus for a Telescope Focused at Infinity | p. 247 |
Diffraction Is Proportional to Perimeter | p. 248 |
Diffraction Principles Derived from the Uncertainty Principle | p. 248 |
f/# for Circular Obscured Apertures | p. 250 |
Fabry-Perot Etalons | p. 251 |
Focal Length and Field of View | p. 253 |
Grating Blockers | p. 253 |
Grating Efficiency as a Function of Wavelength | p. 254 |
Hollow Waveguides | p. 254 |
Hyperfocal Distance | p. 256 |
The Law of Reflectance | p. 257 |
Limit on FOV for Reflective Telescopes | p. 258 |
Linear Approximation for Optical Modulation Transfer Function | p. 258 |
Antireflection Coating Index | p. 259 |
Maximum Useful Pupil Diameter | p. 260 |
Minimum f/# | p. 261 |
Optical Cost | p. 262 |
Optical Performance of a Telescope | p. 264 |
Peak-to-Valley Approximates Four Times the Root-Mean-Square | p. 265 |
Pulse Broadening in a Fabry-Perot Etalon | p. 266 |
Root-Sum-Squared Blur | p. 267 |
Scatter Depends on Surface Roughness and Wavelength | p. 268 |
Shape of Mirrors | p. 269 |
Spherical Aberration and f/# | p. 270 |
Stop Down Two Stops | p. 271 |
Radiometry | p. 273 |
Absolute Calibration Accuracy | p. 277 |
Bandpass Optimization | p. 277 |
Blackbody or Planck Function | p. 280 |
Brightness of Common Sources | p. 282 |
Calibrate under Use Conditions | p. 282 |
Effective Cavity Emissivity | p. 283 |
The MRT/NE[Delta]T Relationship | p. 285 |
The Etendue or Optical Invariant Rule | p. 286 |
Ideal NETD Simplification | p. 288 |
Laboratory Blackbody Accuracy | p. 289 |
Lambert's Law | p. 290 |
Logarithmic Blackbody Function | p. 291 |
Narrowband Approximation to Planck's Law | p. 293 |
The Peak Wavelength or Wien Displacement Law | p. 294 |
Photons-to-Watts Conversion | p. 294 |
Quick Test of NE[Delta]T | p. 295 |
The Rule of 4f/# | p. 295 |
Shop Optics | p. 297 |
Accuracy of Figures | p. 300 |
Approximations for Foucault Knife-Edge Tests | p. 301 |
Cleaning Optics Caution | p. 302 |
Collimator Margin | p. 303 |
Detection of Flatness by the Eye | p. 303 |
Diamond Turning Crossfeed Speed | p. 304 |
Effect of Surface Irregularity on the Wavefront | p. 305 |
Fringe Movement | p. 305 |
Material Removal Rate | p. 306 |
Oversizing an Optical Element for Producibility | p. 307 |
Pitch Hardness | p. 308 |
Sticky Notes to Replace Computer Punch Cards for Alignment | p. 308 |
Preston's Law | p. 309 |
Properties of Visible Glass | p. 310 |
Scratch and Dig | p. 311 |
Surface Tilt Is Typically the Worst Error | p. 312 |
Systems | p. 313 |
Baffle Attenuation | p. 315 |
Expected Modulation Transfer Function | p. 315 |
BLIP Limiting Rule | p. 316 |
Dawes Limit of Telescope Resolution | p. 316 |
Divide by the Number of Visits | p. 317 |
General Image Quality Equation | p. 317 |
Good Fringe Visibility | p. 318 |
LWIR Diffraction Limit | p. 319 |
Overlap Requirements | p. 319 |
Packaging Apertures in Gimbals | p. 320 |
Pick Any Two | p. 320 |
Procedures to Reduce Narcissus Effects | p. 321 |
Relationship between Focal Length and Resolution | p. 322 |
Simplified Range Equation | p. 322 |
System Off-Axis Rejection | p. 324 |
Temperature Equilibrium | p. 325 |
Typical Values of EO System Parameters | p. 325 |
Wind Loading on a Structure | p. 326 |
Largest Optical Element Drives the Mass of the Telescope | p. 327 |
Target Phenomenology | p. 329 |
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function | p. 331 |
Causes of White Pigment's Color | p. 333 |
Chlorophyll Absorptance | p. 334 |
Emissivity Approximations | p. 335 |
The Hagan-Rubens Relationship for the Reflectivity of Metals | p. 337 |
Human Body Signature | p. 338 |
IR Skin Characteristics | p. 339 |
Jet Plume Phenomenology Rules | p. 340 |
Lambertian vs. Specular | p. 341 |
Laser Cross Section | p. 342 |
More Plume Rules | p. 343 |
Plume Thrust Scaling | p. 343 |
Rocket Plume Rules | p. 344 |
Solar Reflection Always Adds to Signature | p. 345 |
Temperature as a Function of Aerodynamic Heating | p. 347 |
Visible and Television Sensors | p. 349 |
Airy Disk Diameter Approximates f/# (for Visible Systems) | p. 355 |
CCD Size | p. 355 |
Charge Transfer Efficiency Rules | p. 356 |
CMOS Depletion Scaling | p. 356 |
Correlated Double Sampling | p. 358 |
Domination of Spurious Charge for CCDs | p. 359 |
Equivalent ISO Speed of a Sensor | p. 360 |
Hobbs' CCD Noises | p. 360 |
Image Intensifier Resolution | p. 361 |
Increase in Intensifier Photocathode EBI with Temperature | p. 362 |
Low-Background NE[Delta]Q Approximation | p. 363 |
Microchannel Plate Noise Figure and Noise Factor | p. 363 |
Noise as a Function of Temperature | p. 365 |
Noise Equations for CMOS APSs and CCDs | p. 365 |
Photomultiplier Tube Power Supply Noise | p. 367 |
P-Well CCDs are Harder than N-Type | p. 368 |
Richardson's Equation for Photocathode Thermionic Current | p. 369 |
Silicon Quantum Efficiency | p. 369 |
Williams' Lines of Resolution per Megahertz | p. 371 |
Appendix A | p. 373 |
Glossary | p. 389 |
Index | p. 409 |
About the Authors | p. 417 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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A handy compilation of 200 proven, time-and-cost-saving rules of thumb that cover the full range of photonics, from optics to lasers. * New edition features 75 completely new rules of thumb and many updated ones * New areas covered include lasers, detectors, and optical communications
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