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Photonics Rules of Thumb

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Acknowledgmentsp. xi
Introductionp. xiii
Acquisition, Tracking, and Pointing/Detection, Recognition, and Identificationp. 1
SNR Requirementsp. 4
The Johnson Criteriap. 4
Probability of Detection Estimationp. 8
Correcting for Probability of Chancep. 9
Detection Criteriap. 10
Estimating Probability Criteria from N[subscript 50]p. 11
Gimbal to Slewed Weightp. 14
Identification and Recognition Improvement for Interpolationp. 14
Resolution Requirementp. 15
MTF Squeezep. 16
Psychometric Functionp. 18
Rayleigh Criterionp. 20
Resolution Required to Read a Letterp. 22
Subpixel Accuracyp. 24
National Image Interpretability Rating Scale Criteriap. 27
Astronomyp. 31
Atmospheric "Seeing"p. 33
Blackbody Temperature of the Sunp. 33
Direct Lunar Radiancep. 34
Number of Actuators in an Adaptive Opticp. 35
Number of Infrared Sources per Square Degreep. 37
Number of Stars as a Function of Wavelengthp. 39
Number of Stars above a Given Irradiancep. 40
Photon Rate at a Focal Planep. 40
Reduction of Magnitude by Airmassp. 41
A Simple Model of Stellar Populationsp. 42
Atmosphericsp. 45
Atmospheric Attenuation or Beer's Lawp. 47
Impact of Weather on Visibilityp. 48
Atmospheric Transmission as a Function of Visibilityp. 50
Bandwidth Requirement for Adaptive Opticsp. 51
C[superscript 2 subscript n] Estimatesp. 52
C[superscript 2 subscript n] as a Function of Weatherp. 54
Free-Space Link Marginsp. 56
Fried Parameterp. 57
Index of Refraction of Airp. 59
The Partial Pressure of Water Vaporp. 62
Phase Error Estimationp. 62
Shack-Hartmann Noisep. 63
Vertical Profiles of Atmospheric Parametersp. 66
Visibility Distance for Rayleigh and Mie Scatteringp. 66
Backgroundsp. 69
Clutter and Signal-to-Clutter Ratiop. 72
Clutter PSD Formp. 73
Earth's Emission and Reflectionp. 74
Effective Sky Temperaturep. 75
Emissivity Approximationsp. 77
Frame Differencing Gainp. 78
General Infrared Clutter Behaviorp. 79
Illuminance Changes during Twilightp. 80
Reflectivity of a Wet Surfacep. 81
Sky Irradiancep. 82
Spencer's Signal-to-Clutter Ratio as a Function of Resolutionp. 83
Cryogenicsp. 85
Bottle Failurep. 88
Cold Shield Coatingsp. 89
Cooler Capacity Equationp. 90
Cooling with Solid Cryogenp. 91
Failure Probabilities for Cryocoolersp. 92
Joule-Thomson Cloggingp. 93
Joule-Thomson Gas Bottle Weightsp. 94
Sine Rule of Improved Performance from Cold Shieldsp. 95
Stirling Cooler Efficiencyp. 97
Temperature Limits on Detector/Dewarp. 98
Thermal Conductivity of Multilayer Insulationp. 98
Cryocooler Sizing Rulep. 99
Radiant Input from Dewarsp. 100
Detectorsp. 101
APD Performancep. 105
Responsivity of Avalanche Photodiodesp. 105
Defining Background-Limited Performance for Detectorsp. 107
Digitizer Sizingp. 108
HgCdTe "x" Concentrationp. 109
Martin's Detector DC Pedestalp. 110
Noise Bandwidth of Detectorsp. 112
Nonuniformity Effects on SNRp. 113
Peak versus Cutoffp. 114
Performance Dependence on R[subscript 0]Ap. 115
Responsivity and Quantum Efficiencyp. 116
Shot Noise Rulep. 118
Specifying 1/f Noisep. 118
Well Capacityp. 121
IR Detector Sensitivity to Temperaturep. 121
Displaysp. 123
Analog Square Pixel Aspect Ratiosp. 125
Comfort in Viewing Displaysp. 125
Common Sense for Displaysp. 126
Contrastp. 126
Gammap. 128
Gray Levels for Human Observersp. 129
Horizontal Sweepp. 130
Kell Factorp. 131
NTSC Display Analog Video Formatp. 132
The Rose Thresholdp. 133
Wald and Ricco's Law for Display Detectionp. 134
Display Lines to Spatial Resolutionp. 135
The Human Eyep. 137
Cone Density of the Human Eyep. 141
Data Latency for Human Perceptionp. 142
Dyschromatopic Visionp. 143
Energy Flow into the Eyep. 145
Eye Motion during the Formation of an Imagep. 146
Frequency at which Sequences of Images Appear as a Smooth Flowp. 147
Eye Resolutionp. 149
Little Bits of Eye Stuffp. 149
Old-Age Rulesp. 151
Optical Fields of Viewp. 153
Pupil Sizep. 154
The Quantum Efficiency of Conesp. 155
Retinal Illuminationp. 156
Rod Density Peaks around an Eccentricity of 30[degree]p. 158
Simplified Optics Transfer Functions for the Components of the Eyep. 160
Stereograph Distancep. 161
Superposition of Colorsp. 161
Vision Creating a Field of Viewp. 163
Lasersp. 165
Aperture Size for Laser Beamsp. 167
Atmospheric Absorption of a 10.6-[mu]m Laserp. 167
Cross Section of a Retro-reflectorp. 168
Gaussian Beam Radius Relationshipsp. 170
Increased Requirement for Rangefinder SNR to Overcome Atmospheric Effectsp. 172
Laser Beam Divergencep. 173
Laser Beam Qualityp. 174
Laser Beam Scintillationp. 175
Laser Beam Spreadp. 177
Laser Beam Spread Compared with Diffractionp. 179
Laser Beam Wander Variancep. 180
Laser Brightnessp. 180
LED vs. Laser Reliabilityp. 182
LIDAR Performancep. 185
On-Axis Intensity of a Beamp. 186
Peak Intensity of a Beam with Intervening Atmospherep. 187
Pointing of a Beam of Lightp. 189
Pulse Stretching in Scattering Environmentsp. 190
Thermal Focusing in Rod Lasersp. 191
Material Propertiesp. 195
Cauchy Equationp. 198
Diameter-to-Thickness (Aspect) Ratio for Mirrorsp. 199
Dip Coatingp. 201
Dome Collapse Pressurep. 201
Figure Change of Metal Mirrorsp. 203
Mass Is Proportional to Element Size Cubedp. 204
Mechanical Stability Rulesp. 205
Mirror Support Criteriap. 206
Natural Frequency of a Deformable Mirrorp. 207
Pressure on a Plane Windowp. 208
Properties of Fused Silicap. 211
Spin-Cast Mirrorsp. 212
Miscellaneousp. 215
Amdahl's and Gustafson's Laws for Processing Speedupp. 216
Arrhenius Equationp. 217
Cost of a Photonp. 218
Crickets as Thermometersp. 219
Distance to Horizonp. 220
Learning Curvesp. 220
Moore's Lawp. 222
Murphy's Lawp. 223
Noise Resulting from Quantization Errorp. 224
Noise Root Sum of Squaresp. 225
Photolithography Yieldp. 226
Solid Anglesp. 227
Speed of Lightp. 228
Ocean Opticsp. 229
Absorption Coefficientp. 231
Absorption Caused by Chlorophyllp. 232
Absorption of Ice at 532 nmp. 233
Bathymetryp. 234
f-Stop under Waterp. 235
Index of Refraction of Seawaterp. 236
Ocean Reflectancep. 237
Underwater Detectionp. 238
Underwater Glowp. 239
Wave Slopep. 240
Opticsp. 241
Aberration Degrading the Blur Spotp. 243
Aberration Scalingp. 243
Acousto-optic Tunable Filter Bandpassp. 244
Blur vs. Field-Dependent Aberrationsp. 245
Circular Variable Filtersp. 246
Defocus for a Telescope Focused at Infinityp. 247
Diffraction Is Proportional to Perimeterp. 248
Diffraction Principles Derived from the Uncertainty Principlep. 248
f/# for Circular Obscured Aperturesp. 250
Fabry-Perot Etalonsp. 251
Focal Length and Field of Viewp. 253
Grating Blockersp. 253
Grating Efficiency as a Function of Wavelengthp. 254
Hollow Waveguidesp. 254
Hyperfocal Distancep. 256
The Law of Reflectancep. 257
Limit on FOV for Reflective Telescopesp. 258
Linear Approximation for Optical Modulation Transfer Functionp. 258
Antireflection Coating Indexp. 259
Maximum Useful Pupil Diameterp. 260
Minimum f/#p. 261
Optical Costp. 262
Optical Performance of a Telescopep. 264
Peak-to-Valley Approximates Four Times the Root-Mean-Squarep. 265
Pulse Broadening in a Fabry-Perot Etalonp. 266
Root-Sum-Squared Blurp. 267
Scatter Depends on Surface Roughness and Wavelengthp. 268
Shape of Mirrorsp. 269
Spherical Aberration and f/#p. 270
Stop Down Two Stopsp. 271
Radiometryp. 273
Absolute Calibration Accuracyp. 277
Bandpass Optimizationp. 277
Blackbody or Planck Functionp. 280
Brightness of Common Sourcesp. 282
Calibrate under Use Conditionsp. 282
Effective Cavity Emissivityp. 283
The MRT/NE[Delta]T Relationshipp. 285
The Etendue or Optical Invariant Rulep. 286
Ideal NETD Simplificationp. 288
Laboratory Blackbody Accuracyp. 289
Lambert's Lawp. 290
Logarithmic Blackbody Functionp. 291
Narrowband Approximation to Planck's Lawp. 293
The Peak Wavelength or Wien Displacement Lawp. 294
Photons-to-Watts Conversionp. 294
Quick Test of NE[Delta]Tp. 295
The Rule of 4f/#p. 295
Shop Opticsp. 297
Accuracy of Figuresp. 300
Approximations for Foucault Knife-Edge Testsp. 301
Cleaning Optics Cautionp. 302
Collimator Marginp. 303
Detection of Flatness by the Eyep. 303
Diamond Turning Crossfeed Speedp. 304
Effect of Surface Irregularity on the Wavefrontp. 305
Fringe Movementp. 305
Material Removal Ratep. 306
Oversizing an Optical Element for Producibilityp. 307
Pitch Hardnessp. 308
Sticky Notes to Replace Computer Punch Cards for Alignmentp. 308
Preston's Lawp. 309
Properties of Visible Glassp. 310
Scratch and Digp. 311
Surface Tilt Is Typically the Worst Errorp. 312
Systemsp. 313
Baffle Attenuationp. 315
Expected Modulation Transfer Functionp. 315
BLIP Limiting Rulep. 316
Dawes Limit of Telescope Resolutionp. 316
Divide by the Number of Visitsp. 317
General Image Quality Equationp. 317
Good Fringe Visibilityp. 318
LWIR Diffraction Limitp. 319
Overlap Requirementsp. 319
Packaging Apertures in Gimbalsp. 320
Pick Any Twop. 320
Procedures to Reduce Narcissus Effectsp. 321
Relationship between Focal Length and Resolutionp. 322
Simplified Range Equationp. 322
System Off-Axis Rejectionp. 324
Temperature Equilibriump. 325
Typical Values of EO System Parametersp. 325
Wind Loading on a Structurep. 326
Largest Optical Element Drives the Mass of the Telescopep. 327
Target Phenomenologyp. 329
Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Functionp. 331
Causes of White Pigment's Colorp. 333
Chlorophyll Absorptancep. 334
Emissivity Approximationsp. 335
The Hagan-Rubens Relationship for the Reflectivity of Metalsp. 337
Human Body Signaturep. 338
IR Skin Characteristicsp. 339
Jet Plume Phenomenology Rulesp. 340
Lambertian vs. Specularp. 341
Laser Cross Sectionp. 342
More Plume Rulesp. 343
Plume Thrust Scalingp. 343
Rocket Plume Rulesp. 344
Solar Reflection Always Adds to Signaturep. 345
Temperature as a Function of Aerodynamic Heatingp. 347
Visible and Television Sensorsp. 349
Airy Disk Diameter Approximates f/# (for Visible Systems)p. 355
CCD Sizep. 355
Charge Transfer Efficiency Rulesp. 356
CMOS Depletion Scalingp. 356
Correlated Double Samplingp. 358
Domination of Spurious Charge for CCDsp. 359
Equivalent ISO Speed of a Sensorp. 360
Hobbs' CCD Noisesp. 360
Image Intensifier Resolutionp. 361
Increase in Intensifier Photocathode EBI with Temperaturep. 362
Low-Background NE[Delta]Q Approximationp. 363
Microchannel Plate Noise Figure and Noise Factorp. 363
Noise as a Function of Temperaturep. 365
Noise Equations for CMOS APSs and CCDsp. 365
Photomultiplier Tube Power Supply Noisep. 367
P-Well CCDs are Harder than N-Typep. 368
Richardson's Equation for Photocathode Thermionic Currentp. 369
Silicon Quantum Efficiencyp. 369
Williams' Lines of Resolution per Megahertzp. 371
Appendix Ap. 373
Glossaryp. 389
Indexp. 409
About the Authorsp. 417
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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A handy compilation of 200 proven, time-and-cost-saving rules of thumb that cover the full range of photonics, from optics to lasers. * New edition features 75 completely new rules of thumb and many updated ones * New areas covered include lasers, detectors, and optical communications

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