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Acknowledgements
Preface to second edition
Preface to first edition
1. Introduction
2. El Niqo
3. A tale of two histories
4. The biography of El Niqo
5. The biography of La Niqa
6. The 1982?1983 El Niqo: a case of an anomalous anomaly
7. Forecasting El Niqo
8. Forecasting the 1997?1998 El Niqo
9. Teleconnections
10. El Niqo’s ecological impacts: The Galapagos
11. Methods used to identify El Niqo
12. El Niqo and health
13. The media, El Niqo and La Niqa: a study in media-rology
14. Why do ENSO events continue to surprise us?
15. What people need to know about El Niqo
16. Usable science
Appendix
References.

From reviews of the first edition: ‘… for atmospheric scientists, the book provides a meaningful perspective of the human component of the phenomena described. For the social scientist, it is an account of El Niqo that will help clear up any misrepresentations derived from popular accounts. I thoroughly enjoyed reading this book.’ John Oliver, International Journal of Climatology

‘This book is well written, well illustrated and manages to convey a lot of important facts without ‘technospeak’. It can be recommended to anyone requiring an introduction to the complexities … of climate.’ Elmar R. Reiter, Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics

‘... an absorbing book.’ George Philander, Nature

‘… Michael H. Glantz delivers more than a description of a major climatic phenomenon and its impacts: he presents a case study of science at work, and also shows how to make a book readable.’ Lothar L|ken, Earthwatch

‘Glantz is a passionate advocate of the value of climate research and his book should be compulsory reading for politicians and funding agency heads anywhere. It also provides background material that will be useful to geography and environmental science students and should appeal to anyone interested in the human dimension of climate’. J. C. King, Weather

Droughts, hurricanes and floods are generated worldwide by the periodic warming and cooling of the tropical Pacific Ocean’s surface waters. El Niqo’s impacts are now widely known, but the equally serious consequences of its counterpart, La Niqa, are only now being highlighted. Although both phenomena have generally been associated with death and destruction, there are benefits in understanding more about their occurrence, their strength and their impacts worldwide, so that their worst effects can be forecast and mitigated. This new edition of Currents of Change explains in simple terms what El Niqo and La Niqa are and how they can be forecast. Examining for the first time the major El Niqo of 1997?1998, this book explores what we can learn from past events, what we can do to ameliorate the worst excesses of these phenomena and how climate change might affect them in future decades.