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List of Symbols | p. ix |
Preface | p. xi |
Problems of the Energy Economy | p. 1 |
Energy Economy | p. 1 |
Estimate of the Maximum Reserves of Fossil Energy | p. 4 |
The Greenhouse Effect | p. 6 |
Combustion | p. 6 |
The Temperature of the Earth | p. 7 |
Problems | p. 9 |
Photons | p. 11 |
Black-body Radiation | p. 11 |
Photon Density n in a Cavity (Planck's Law of Radiation) | p. 12 |
Energy Current Through an Area dA into the Solid Angle d | p. 16 |
Radiation from a Spherical Surface into the Solid Angle d | p. 19 |
Radiation from a Surface Element into a Hemisphere (Stefan-Boltzmann Radiation Law) | p. 20 |
Kirchhoff's Law of Radiation for Nonblack Bodies | p. 22 |
Absorption by Semiconductors | p. 24 |
The Solar Spectrum | p. 25 |
Air Mass | p. 26 |
Concentration of the Solar Radiation | p. 28 |
The Abb Sine Condition | p. 29 |
Geometrical Optics | p. 30 |
Concentration of Radiation Using the Sine Condition | p. 32 |
Maximum Efficiency of Solar Energy Conversion | p. 33 |
Problems | p. 40 |
Semiconductors | p. 43 |
Electrons in Semiconductors | p. 44 |
Distribution Function for Electrons | p. 45 |
Density of States De(Ee) for Electrons | p. 45 |
Density of Electrons | p. 50 |
Holes | p. 52 |
Doping | p. 55 |
Quasi-Fermi Distributions | p. 59 |
Fermi Energy and Electrochemical Potential | p. 61 |
Work Function | p. 66 |
Generation of Electrons and Holes | p. 67 |
Absorption of Photons | p. 67 |
Generation of Electron-Hole Pairs | p. 71 |
Recombination of Electrons and Holes | p. 74 |
Radiative Recombination, Emission of Photons | p. 74 |
Nonradiative Recombination | p. 77 |
Lifetimes | p. 87 |
Light Emission by Semiconductors | p. 90 |
Transition Rates and Absorption Coefficient | p. 90 |
Problems | p. 95 |
Conversion of Thermal Radiation into Chemical Energy | p. 97 |
Maximum Efficiency for the Production of Chemical Energy | p. 100 |
Problems | p. 105 |
Conversion of Chemical Energy into Electrical Energy | p. 107 |
Transport of Electrons and Holes | p. 107 |
Field Current | p. 108 |
Diffusion Current | p. 109 |
Total Charge Current | p. 111 |
Separation of Electrons and Holes | p. 113 |
Diffusion Length of Minority Carriers | p. 115 |
Dielectric Relaxation | p. 117 |
Ambipolar Diffusion | p. 118 |
Dember Effect | p. 119 |
Mathematical Description | p. 122 |
Problems | p. 123 |
Basic Structure of Solar Cells | p. 125 |
A Chemical Solar Cells | p. 125 |
Basic Mechanisms in Solar Cells | p. 129 |
Dye Solar Cell | p. 131 |
The pn-Junction | p. 132 |
Electrochemical Equilibrium of Electrons in a pn-Junction in the Dark | p. 133 |
Potential Distribution across a pn-Junction | p. 134 |
Current-Voltage Characteristic of the pn-Junction | p. 137 |
pn-Junction with Impurity Recombination, Two-diode Model | p. 143 |
Heterojunctions | p. 145 |
Semiconductor-Metal Contact | p. 148 |
Schottky Contact | p. 150 |
MIS Contact | p. 151 |
The Role of the Electric Field in Solar Cells | p. 151 |
Organic Solar Cells | p. 155 |
Excitons | p. 156 |
Structure of Organic Solar Cells | p. 159 |
Light Emitting Diodes (LED) | p. 163 |
Problems | p. 164 |
Limitations on Energy Conversion in Solar Cells | p. 167 |
Maximum Efficiency of Solar Cells | p. 167 |
Efficiency of Solar Cells as a Function of Their Energy Gap | p. 170 |
The Optimal Silicon Solar Cell | p. 172 |
Light Trapping | p. 173 |
Thin-film Solar Cells | p. 178 |
Minimal Thickness of a Solar Cell | p. 179 |
Equivalent Circuit | p. 180 |
Temperature Dependence of the Open-circuit Voltage | p. 181 |
Intensity Dependence of the Efficiency | p. 182 |
Efficiencies of the Individual Energy Conversion Processes | p. 183 |
Problems | p. 185 |
Concepts for Improving the Efficiency of Solar Cells | p. 187 |
Tandem Cells | p. 187 |
The Electrical Interconnection of Tandem Cells | p. 191 |
Concentrator Cells | p. 192 |
Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion | p. 194 |
Impact Ionization | p. 195 |
Hot Electrons from Impact Ionization | p. 198 |
Energy Conversion with Hot Electrons and Holes | p. 198 |
Two-step Excitation in Three-level Systems | p. 201 |
Impurity Photovoltaic Effect | p. 202 |
Up-and Down-conversion of Photons | p. 206 |
Problems | p. 209 |
Prospects for the Future | p. 211 |
Solutions | p. 215 |
Appendix | p. 235 |
References | p. 239 |
Index | p. 241 |
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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Based on the highly regarded and extremely successful first edition, this thoroughly revised, updated and expanded edition contains the latest knowledge on the mechanisms of solar energy conversion. The textbook describes in detail all aspects of solar cell function, the physics behind every single step, as well as all the issues to be considered when improving solar cells and their efficiency. Requiring no more than standard physics knowledge, the book enables both students and researchers to understand the factors driving conversion efficiency and to apply this knowledge to their own solar cell development. New exercises after each chapter help students to consolidate their freshly acquired knowledge, while the book also serves as a reference for researchers already working in this exciting and challenging field.
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