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Preface xv
Introduction 1 (13)
Groundwater and the Earth, and Man 2 (8)
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle 3 (3)
Groundwater as a Resource 6 (2)
Groundwater Contamination 8 (1)
Groundwater as a Geotechnical Problem 9 (1)
Groundwater and Geologic Processes 10 (1)
The Scientific Foundations for the Study of 10 (2)
Groundwater
The Technical Foundations for the 12 (2)
Development of Groundwater Resources
Physical Properties and Principles 14 (66)
Darcy's Law 15 (3)
Hydraulic Head and Fluid Potential 18 (8)
Hubbert's Analysis of the Fluid Potential 18 (4)
Dimensions and Units 22 (1)
Piezometers and Piezometer Nests 23 (2)
Coupled Flow 25 (1)
Hydraulic Conductivity and Permeability 26 (4)
Heterogeneity and Anisotropy of Hydraulic 30 (6)
Conductivity
Homogeneity and Heterogeneity 30 (2)
Isotropy and Anisotropy 32 (2)
Darcy's Law in Three Dimensions 34 (1)
Hydraulic conductivity Ellipsoid 35 (1)
Porosity and Void Ratio 36 (2)
Unsaturated Flow and the Water Table 38 (9)
Moisture Content 39 (1)
Water Table 39 (1)
Negative Pressure Heads and Tensiometers 39 (2)
Characteristic Curves of the Unsaturated 41 (3)
Hydraulic Parameters
Saturated, Unsaturated, and 44 (1)
Tension-Saturated Zones
Perched and Inverted Water Tables 45 (1)
Multiphase Flow 45 (2)
Aquifers and Aquitards 47 (2)
Aquifers, Aquitards, and Aquicludes 47 (1)
Confined and Unconfined Aquifers 48 (1)
Potentiometric Surface 49 (1)
Steady-State Flow and Transient Flow 49 (2)
Compressibility and Effective Stress 51 (7)
Compressibility of Water 51 (1)
Effective Stress 52 (2)
Compressibility of a Porous Medium 54 (2)
Aquifer Compressibility 56 (1)
Effective Stress in the Unsaturated Zone 57 (1)
Transmissivity and Storativity 58 (5)
Specific Storage 58 (1)
Transmissivity and Storativity of a 59 (2)
Confined Aquifer
Transmissivity and Specific yield in 61 (1)
Unconfined Aquifers
Storage in the unsaturated Zone 62 (1)
Equations of Groundwater Flow 63 (6)
Steady-State Saturated Flow 63 (1)
Transient Saturated Flow 64 (2)
Transient Unsaturated Flow 66 (1)
Boundary-Value Problems 67 (2)
Limitations of the Darcian Approach 69 (6)
Darcian Continuum and Representative 69 (1)
Elementary Volume
Specific Discharge, Macroscopic Velocity, 70 (2)
and Microscopic Velocity
Upper and Lower Limits of Darcy's Law 72 (1)
Flow in Fractured Rocks 73 (2)
Hydrodynamic Dispersion 75 (5)
Chemical Properties and Principles 80 (64)
Groundwater and its Chemical Constituents 82 (7)
Water and Electrolytes 82 (4)
Organic Constituents 86 (1)
Dissolved Gases 86 (1)
Concentration Units 87 (2)
Chemical Equilibrium 89 (7)
The Law of Mass Action 89 (1)
Activity Coefficients 90 (1)
Equilibrium and free Energy 90 (5)
Dissolved Gases 95 (1)
Association and Dissociation of Dissolved 96 (7)
Species
The Electroneutrality condition 96 (1)
Dissociation and Activity of Water 97 (1)
Polyprotic Acids 98 (2)
Ion Complexes 100(1)
Calculation of Dissolved Species 101(2)
Effects of Concentration Gradients 103(3)
Mineral Dissolution and Solubility 106(8)
Solubility and the Equilibrium Constant 106(1)
Effect of Ionic Strength 107(1)
The Carbonate System 108(4)
The Common-Ion Effect 112(1)
Disequilibrium and the Saturation Index 112(2)
Oxidation and Reduction Processes 114(13)
Oxidation States and Redox Reactions 114(3)
Consumption of Oxygen and Organic Matter 117(2)
Equilibrium Redox Conditions 119(2)
Microbiological Factors 121(2)
pE-pH Diagrams 123(4)
Ion Exchange and Adsorption 127(7)
Mechanisms 127(1)
Cation Exchange Capacity 128(1)
Mass-Action Equations 129(5)
Environmental Isotopes 134(5)
Carbon-14 134(2)
Tritium 136(1)
Oxygen and Deuterium 137(2)
Field Measurement of Index Parameters 139(5)
Groundwater Geology 144(23)
Lithology, Stratigraphy, and Structure 145(2)
Fluvial Deposits 147(2)
Aeolian Deposits 149(1)
Glacial Deposits 149(3)
Sedimentary Rocks 152(6)
Sandstone 152(2)
Carbonate Rock 154(3)
Coal 157(1)
Shale 158(1)
Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks 158(5)
Permafrost 163(4)
Flow Nets 167(25)
Flow Nets by Graphical Construction 168(10)
Homogeneous, Isotropic Systems 168(4)
Heterogeneous Systems and the Tangent Law 172(2)
Anisotropic Systems and the Transformed 174(4)
Section
Flow Nets by Analog Simulation 178(3)
Conductive-Paper Analogs 179(1)
Resistance Network Analogs 180(1)
Flow Nets by Numerical Simulation 181(4)
Saturated-Unsaturated Flow Nets 185(1)
The Seepage Face and Dupuit Flow 186(6)
Seepage Face, Exit Point, And Free Surface 186(2)
Dupuit-Forchheimer Theory of Free-Surface 188(4)
Flow
Groundwater and the Hydrologic Cycle 192(45)
Steady-State Regional Groundwater Flow 193(10)
Recharge Areas, Discharge Areas, and 193(2)
Groundwater Divides
Effect of Topography on Regional Flow 195(2)
Systems
Effect of Geology on Regional Flow Systems 197(2)
Flowing Artesian Wells 199(1)
Flow-System Mapping 200(3)
Steady-State Hydrologic Budgets 203(5)
Quantitative Interpretation of Regional 203(2)
Flow Systems
Groundwater Recharge and Discharge as 205(3)
Components of a Hydrologic Budget
Transient Regional Groundwater Flow 208(3)
Infiltration and Groundwater Recharge 211(6)
The Theory of Infiltration 211(4)
Measurements of Field Sites 215(2)
Hillslope Hydrology and Streamflow 217(8)
Generation
Overland Flow 218(1)
Subsurface Stormflow 219(2)
Chemical and Isotopic Indicators 221(4)
Baseflow Recession and Bank Storage 225(1)
Groundwater-Lake Interactions 226(3)
Fluctuations in Groundwater Levels 229(8)
Evapotranspiration and Phreatophytic 231(1)
Consumption
Air Entrapment During Groundwater Recharge 231(2)
Atmospheric Pressure Effects 233(1)
External Loads 234(1)
Time Lag in Piezometers 234(3)
Chemical Evolution of Natural Groundwater 237(66)
Hydrochemical Sequences and Facies 238(9)
Chemistry of Precipitation 238(2)
Carbon Dioxide in the Soil Zone 240(1)
Major-Ion Evolution Sequence 241(3)
Electrochemical Evolution Sequence 244(3)
Graphical Methods and Hydrochemical Facies 247(7)
Groundwater in Carbonate Terrain 254(14)
Open-System Dissolution 254(2)
Closed-System Conditions 256(1)
Incongruent Dissolution 257(2)
Other Factors 259(2)
Interpretation of Chemical Analyses 261(7)
Groundwater in Crystalline Rocks 268(11)
Theoretical Considerations 269(4)
Laboratory Experiments 273(2)
Interpretation of Field Data 275(4)
Groundwater in Complex Sedimentary Systems 279(11)
Order of Encounter 280(4)
Water Composition in Glacial Deposits 284(2)
Groundwater in Stratifield Sedimentary 286(4)
Rocks
Geochemical Interpretation of 14C Dates 290(2)
Membrane Effects in Deep Sedimentary Basins 292(3)
Process Rates and Molecular Diffusion 295(8)
Groundwater Resource Evaluation 303(80)
Development of Groundwater Resources 304(2)
Exploration, Evaluation, and Exploitation 304(1)
Well Yield, Aquifer Yield, and Basin Yield 305(1)
Exploration for Aquifers 306(8)
Surface Geological Methods 306(1)
Subsurface Geological Methods 307(1)
Surface Geophysical Methods 308(1)
Subsurface Geophysical Methods 309(3)
Drilling and Installation of Wells and 312(2)
Piezometers
The Response of Ideal Aquifers to Pumping 314(21)
Radial Flow to a Well 315(2)
The Theis Solution 317(3)
Leaky Aquifers 320(4)
Unconfined Aquifers 324(3)
Multiple-Well Systems, Stepped Pumping 327(3)
Rates, Well Recovery, and Partial
Penetration
Bounded Aquifers 330(2)
The Response of Ideal Aquitards 332(2)
The Real World 334(1)
Measurement of Parameters: Laboratory Tests 335(4)
Hydraulic Conductivity 335(2)
Porosity 337(1)
Compressibility 337(2)
Unsaturated Characteristic Curves 339(1)
Measurement of Parameters: Piezometer Tests 339(4)
Measurement of Parameters: Pumping Tests 343(7)
Log-Log Type-Curve Matching 343(4)
Semilog Plots 347(2)
Advantages and Disadvantages of Pumping 349(1)
Tests
Estimation of Saturated Hydraulic 350(2)
Conductivity
Prediction of Aquifer Yield by Numerical 352(7)
Simulation
Finite-Difference Methods 352(4)
Finite-Element Methods 356(1)
Model Calibration and the Inverse Problem 356(3)
Prediction of Aquifer Yield by Analog 359(5)
Simulation
Analogy Between Electrical Flow and 360(1)
Groundwater Flow
Resistance-Capacitance Network 361(2)
Comparison of Analog and Digital 363(1)
Simulation
Basin Yield 364(3)
Safe Yield and Optimal Yield of a 364(1)
Groundwater Basin
Transient Hydrologic Budgets and Basin 365(2)
Yield
Artificial Recharge and Induced Infiltration 367(3)
Land Subsidence 370(5)
Mechanism of Land Subsidence 370(3)
Field Measurement of Land Subsidence 373(2)
Seawater Intrusion 375(8)
Groundwater Contamination 383(80)
Water Quality Standards 385(3)
Transport Processes 388(25)
Nonreactive Constituents in Homogeneous 389(8)
Media
Nonreactive Constituents in Heterogeneous 397(5)
Media
Transport of Reactive Constituents 402(6)
Transport in Fractured Media 408(5)
Hydrochemical Behavior of Contaminants 413(13)
Nitrogen 413(3)
Trace Metals 416(4)
Trace Nonmetals 420(4)
Organic Substances 424(2)
Measurement of Parameters 426(8)
Velocity Determination 426(4)
Dispersivity 430(2)
Chemical Partitioning 432(2)
Sources of Contamination 434(29)
Land Disposal of Solid Wastes 434(5)
Sewage Disposal on Land 439(3)
Agricultural Activities 442(2)
Petroleum Leakage and Spills 444(3)
Disposal of Radioactive Waste 447(7)
Deep-Well Disposal of Liquid Wastes 454(2)
Other Sources

A comprehensive presentation of groundwater hydrology that integrates chemistry, physics, geology, and calculus while applying theory to real-world geology. Provides quantitative methods of calculation in groundwater hydrology. Contains sections on transport processes, ground water contamination, well hydraulics, and aquifer yield - including analog and numerical modeling. Covers mathematical derivations in appendices.