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List of contributors xvii
Abbreviations xix
Polarity and cell fate in bacteria 1 (20)
Antje Hofmeister
Yves V. Brun
Introduction 1 (1)
Asymmetric cell division 2 (1)
Structurally and functionally distinct 3 (1)
progeny
Chromosome organization 4 (1)
DNA replication and chromosome segregation 5 (3)
Control of DNA replication by CtrA 6 (1)
Temporal genetic asymmetry 7 (1)
Checkpoints that regulate polar development 8 (7)
Regulation of FtsZ 9 (2)
Cytokinesis and the establishment of cell 11 (4)
fate
Conclusions 15 (6)
References 16 (5)
Cell polarity in yeast 21 (57)
Jurg Bahler
Matthias Peter
Introduction 21 (4)
The polarized yeast cell 21 (2)
Basic steps of polarity establishment 23 (2)
Cell polarity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae 25 (17)
Microtubule and actin-dependent processes 25 (1)
Defining a landmark during cell division 25 (5)
Defining the landmark in response to an 30 (3)
extracellular signal
Establishment of cell polarity 33 (3)
Signalling to the actin cytoskeleton 36 (5)
Regulation of polarized growth: the role 41 (1)
of other Rho-GTPases
Cell polarity in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 42 (16)
Defining landmarks for cell growth 42 (5)
Defining a landmark for cell division 47 (2)
Defining a landmark in response to an 49 (1)
extracellular signal
Establishment of cell polarity 50 (3)
Signalling to the actin cytoskeleton 53 (3)
Cell-cycle regulation of cell polarity 56 (2)
Concluding remarks 58 (20)
Acknowledgements 60 (1)
References 60 (18)
Cell polarity in ciliates 78 (28)
Joseph Frankel
Two concepts of polarity 78 (1)
Ciliate organization 79 (5)
Ciliate cortical topology 79 (2)
Cortical topography of Tetrahymena 81 (3)
thermophila and other ciliates
Anteroposterior polarity 84 (5)
Vectorial polarity of the ciliary rows 84 (2)
Domain polarity: the fission zone 86 (3)
Circumferential polarity 89 (8)
The equipotentiality of ciliary rows 89 (1)
Contractile-vacuole-pore cytogeometry 90 (2)
The locus of stripe contrast and the 92 (1)
`circumferential gradient' in Stentor
The reversal of circumferential polarity: 92 (3)
`left-handed' cells
Mutations affecting circumferential 95 (2)
polarity
The evolution of ciliate polarity 97 (9)
References 98 (8)
Spatial cues for cellular asymmetry in 106 (35)
polarized epithelia
W. James Nelson
Charles Yeaman
Kent K. Grindstaff
Introduction 106 (2)
Sorting of apical and basolateral membrane 108 (2)
proteins in the TGN of simple epithelial
cells
Delivery of membrane proteins to specific 110 (1)
membrane domains in polarized epithelial
cells
Specification of vesicle docking and fusion 111 (1)
with either the apical or basolateral
membrane
Can sorting and delivery of membrane 112 (1)
proteins from the TGN explain the
establishment of cell-surface polarity?
The requirement for spatial cues at the 113 (1)
cell surface for the biogenesis of
epithelial cell polarity
Mechanisms involved in establishing 114 (4)
cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion
Converting cadherin-mediated cell-cell 118 (7)
contacts into changes in cell surface
polarity
Membrane---cytoskeleton 118 (1)
Targeting patches 118 (6)
Tight junctions 124 (1)
Generating a new membrane domain 125 (16)
Acknowledgements 126 (1)
References 126 (15)
Cell polarity in algae and vascular plants 141 (40)
John E. Fowler
Introduction 141 (1)
Polar growth in brown algal zygotes 142 (9)
Embryogenesis in fucoid algae 142 (3)
Directional cues and axis alignment 145 (5)
Axis fixation and polar growth 150 (1)
Asymmetrical division and cell fate in 151 (3)
brown algal zygotes
Rotation of the centrosomes and cell 152 (1)
division
Asymmetrical distribution of 153 (1)
fate-directing information in the cell
wall
Directed polar growth in vascular plant 154 (10)
cells: pollen tubes
Polar organization of the pollen tube and 155 (1)
tip
Orientation of pollen tube growth by 156 (2)
external signals
The pollen-tube clear zone (CZ) and CZ 158 (5)
cortex
Pollen-tube versus root-hair growth: 163 (1)
similarities and differences
Asymmetrical cell division and plant cell 164 (3)
fate
The mechanism of asymmetrical cell 164 (1)
division
Potential connections between targeted 165 (2)
secretion, the cell wall, and plant cell
fate
Cell polarity and polar auxin transport 167 (5)
Polar transport of auxin is important for 167 (1)
auxin-mediated responses
The chemiosmotic hypothesis for polar 168 (2)
auxin transport
PIN1 and AGR1/EIR1/PIN2 are likely 170 (1)
components of the polarly localized auxin
efflux carrier
Regulation of the polar auxin efflux 171 (1)
carrier
Conclusions 172 (9)
Acknowledgements 173 (1)
References 173 (8)
Cell biology of polarity development in 181 (20)
Xenopus oocytes and embryos
Carolyn A. Larabell
Introduction 181 (1)
The animal-vegetal axis 181 (6)
Organelle asymmetry 182 (2)
Cytoskeletal asymmetry 184 (1)
RNA localization 185 (2)
The dorsal-ventral axis 187 (9)
Movements of inner cytoplasm 188 (1)
Microtubule dynamics 189 (2)
Microtubule-mediated transport 191 (1)
Wnt signalling pathway and polarity 191 (5)
Conclusions 196 (5)
References 196 (5)
Cell polarity in response to chemoattractants 201 (39)
Orion D. Weiner
Guy Servant
Carole A. Parent
Peter N. Devreotes
Henry R. Bourne
Introduction 201 (2)
Chemotactic receptors and G proteins 203 (3)
Adaptation 206 (3)
Interpreting the chemotactic gradient 209 (7)
Asymmetrical intracellular signals 209 (2)
Initiation and maintenance of the 211 (5)
asymmetrical signal: models
Polarity effectors: Rho-GTPases 216 (7)
Rho-GTPases in cell extracts 216 (1)
Rho-GTPases in whole cells 217 (2)
Cdc42 and actin polymerization 219 (2)
Rac and actin polymerization 221 (2)
Regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by 223 (1)
Rho
Other regulators: Ca2+ and cGMP 223 (1)
Co-ordination of actin polymerization, 224 (6)
polarization, and directed movement
Growing actin filaments and Brownian 225 (1)
ratchets
Motility of L. monocytogenes 226 (1)
Specifying where actin polymerizes during 227 (1)
chemotaxis
Autonomous cell polarization and motility 228 (2)
Perspectives and future directions 230 (10)
Gi-coupled receptors 230 (1)
G-protein βγ versus α 231 (1)
subunits
Inhibitory signals that may help to 231 (1)
interpret the gradient
Spatial readouts for GPCR-dependent 232 (1)
signals
Effectors for chemoattractant-mediated 232 (1)
actin polymerization
Signal cascades mediated by Rho-GTPases 233 (1)
Spatial readouts for signals mediated by 233 (1)
Rho-GTPases
Acknowledgements 234 (1)
References 234 (6)
Genetic analysis of intrinsically 240 (29)
asymmetrical cell division
Fabio Piano
Kenneth Kemphues
Introduction 240 (1)
Genetic models for the study of 241 (3)
asymmetrical inheritance of cell-fate
determinants
Mating-type switching in S. cerevisiae 241 (1)
Neuronal fate determination in D. 242 (1)
melanogaster
Blastomere fate determination in C. 243 (1)
elegans early embryogenesis
Asymmetrical division in S. cerevisiae 244 (3)
Identification of Ash1p and proteins 244 (1)
required for its localization
Polarity establishment 245 (1)
Mechanism of localization of Ash1p 245 (2)
Oriented division in yeast 247 (1)
Summary of S. cerevisiae asymmetrical 247 (1)
cell division
Asymmetrical divisions in the nervous 247 (6)
system of D. melanogaster
Numb and Prospero are asymmetrically 247 (2)
localized and required for differential
development of the daughter cells
Mechanisms of localization of Numb and 249 (2)
Prospero
Establishment of cell polarity 251 (1)
Co-ordinating cell polarity and spindle 251 (1)
orientation: the role of Inscuteable
The role of the cytoskeleton 252 (1)
Summary of asymmetrical cell division in 253 (1)
D. melanogaster
Asymmetrical divisions in C. elegans 253 (7)
Determining fates of the founder cells 253 (1)
The role of asymmetrical division in 254 (1)
distributing cell-fate regulators
Establishing polarity 255 (1)
Localization of P granules and PIE-1 255 (1)
Proteins required for localizing P 256 (2)
granules
Orientation of the mitotic spindle 258 (1)
Summary of asymmetrical cell division in 259 (1)
C. elegans
Summary: is there a conserved mechanism for 260 (9)
asymmetrical cell division?
References 261 (8)
Polarized exocytosis: targeting vesicles to 269 (16)
specific domains on the plasma membrane
Patrick Brennwald
Joan Adamo
Introduction 269 (1)
Epithelial cells, neurons, and yeast as 269 (2)
models for polarized exocytosis
Polarized exocytosis involves two distinct 271 (1)
stages: polarized delivery of secretory
vesicles and the docking/fusion of
secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
Polarized exocytosis can be a dynamic 272 (1)
process: in budding yeast the site of
cell-surface delivery change during the
cell cycle
Polarized vesicle delivery: secretory 273 (4)
vesicles derived from the Golgi apparatus
must be physically transported from the
mother cell into the bud
Polarized delivery: the role of the actin 273 (2)
cytoskeleton and type V myosins
Marking vesicles for polarized delivery: 275 (1)
the role of the Rab-GTPase Sec4, and its
exchange factor, Sec2
Co-ordinating polarized exocytosis and 276 (1)
actin polarity: the role of the
Rho-GTPase, Rho3
Polarized fusion: defining sites of docking 277 (4)
and fusion of secretory vesicles on the
plasma membrane
The Rab-GTPase, Sec4, and the exocyst 277 (2)
complex may act in the initial docking or
'tethering' of vesicles to the plasma
membrane
SNARE proteins: a highly conserved 279 (1)
protein family required for a late step
in the docking and fusion of vesicles
with the plasma membrane
The SNARE regulatory proteins Sro7/77 and 280 (1)
Sec1 may play a role in defining the
sites of vesicle fusion at the plasma
membrane by regulating localized assembly
of t-SNARE complexes
The Rho-GTPase, Rho3, may act to regulate 280 (1)
exocyst function through an interaction
with the Exo70 subunit
Conclusions 281 (4)
Acknowledgements 282 (1)
References 282 (3)
Morphogenesis of skin epithelia 285 (30)
Pierre A. Coulombe
Kevin McGowan
Introduction 285 (2)
Skin epithelia are polar and asymmetrical 287 (3)
in many respects
The epidermis as an example of stratified 287 (1)
squamous epithelium
The hair as an example of an epithelial 288 (2)
appendage
Morphogenesis of skin epithelia 290 (9)
Generalities 290 (1)
Commitment of embryonic precursor cells 291 (1)
towards a 'general' epithelial fate
Patterning the skin, or

Cell polarity is critical for diverse biological processes including development of a multicellular organism from a zygote, transmission of nerve impulses, transport of molecules across cell layers and specification of cell fate. The process of cell polarity development has been studied in numerous cell types using a wide variety of experimental approaches. This volume is comprehensive in nature, current in the contents, and written by leading scholars in their fields. It succeeds in producing a synthesis of information collected by cell biological, genetic, biochemical and physiological approaches. These approaches have been applied to studies of bacteria, yeast, plants and animal cells, enabling the identification of general themes. Cell Polarity: Frontiers in Molecular Biology will prove useful for students getting their first exposure to the topic as well as researchers actively studying aspects of cell polarity.