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Chapter Page
Foreword xix
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxv
I Fundamentals of Synthetic Aperture Radar 1
1. Introduction 3
1.1 Brief Background of SAR 3
1.2 Radar in Remote Sensing 5
1.3 SAR Fundamentals 5
1.4 Spaceborne SAR Sensors 10
1.5 Outline of the Book 13
References 17
2. Signal Processing Fundamentals 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Linear Convolution 22
2.3 Fourier Transforms 27
2.4 Convolution Using DFTs 36
2.5 Sampling of Signals 38
2.6 Smoothing Windows 49
2.7 Interpolation 51
2.8 Point Target Analysis 59
2.9 Summary 64
References 66
3. Pulse Compression of Linear FM Signals 69
3.1 Introduction 69
3.2 Linear FM Signals 70
3.3 Pulse Compression 80
3.4 Matched Filter Implementation 93
3.5 FM Rate Mismatch 98
3.6 Summary 103
References 107
Appendix 3A Derivation of the Matched Filter Output 108
Appendix 3B Derivation of the Phase Error Due to Mismatch 111
4. Synthetic Aperture Concepts 113
4.1 Introduction 113
4.2 SAR Geometry 114
4.3 The Range Equation 125
4.4 SAR Signal in the Range Direction 130
4.5 SAR Signal in the Azimuth Direction 133
4.6 The Two-Dimensional Signal 141
4.7 SAR Resolution and Synthetic Aperture 147
4.8 Summary 153
References 156
Appendix 4A Derivation of the Approximate Radar Velocity 157
Appendix 4B Quadrature Demodulation 159
Appendix 4C Concept of Synthetic Aperture 164
5. SAR Signal Properties 169
5.1 Introduction 169
5.2 Signal Spectrum in the Low-Squint Case 170
5.3 Signal Spectrum in the General Case 172
5.4 Azimuth Aliasing and the Doppler Centroid 182
5.5 Range Cell Migration 194
5.6 Point Target Examples 200
5.7 Prelude to SAR Processing Algorithms 204
5.8 Summary 211
References 214
Appendix 5A Range/Azimuth Coupling 215
Appendix 5B A Note on the Azimuth FM Rate 219
II SAR Processing Algorithms 223
6. The Range Doppler Algorithm 225
6.1 Introduction 225
6.2 Algorithm Overview 226
6.3 RDA in the Low Squint Case 229
6.4 The High Squint Case 250
6.5 Multilook Processing 265
6.6 Summary 280
References 281
7. The Chirp Scaling Algorithm 283
7.1 Introduction 283
7.2 The Chirp Scaling Concept 287
7.3 Applying Chirp Scaling to RCMC 294
7.4 Derivation of the Scaling Function 300
7.5 CSA Processing Details 304
7.6 Processing Examples 310
7.7 Summary 316
References 319
8. The Omega-K Algorithm 323
8.1 Introduction 323
8.2 Reference Function Multiply 328
8.3 Stolt Interpolation 330
8.4 Interpretations of the Stolt Mapping 335
8.5 Error Analysis 343
8.6 Approximate Version of the Omega-K Algorithm 345
8.7 Processing Examples 349
8.8 Summary 358
References 359
Appendix 8A Stolt Mapping in the Wavenumber Domain 362
9. The SPECAN Algorithm 369
9.1 Introduction 369
9.2 Derivation of the SPECAN Algorithm 372
9.3 Multilook Processing 385
9.4 Processing Efficiency 389
9.5 Range Cell Migration Correction 393
9.6 Phase Compensation 396
9.7 Image Quality Issues 400
9.8 Processing Examples 416
9.9 Summary 420
References 421
10. Processing ScanSAR Data 425
10.1 Introduction 425
10.2 ScanSAR Data Acquisition 427
10.3 Compression of a Single-Burst Target 431
10.4 Full-Aperture Processing 434
10.5 The SPECAN Algorithm 437
10.6 The Modified SPECAN Algorithm 438
10.7 The Short IFFT Algorithm 442
10.8 The Extended Chirp Scaling Algorithm 447
10.9 Stitching Processed Bursts Together 450
10.10 Summary 453
References 455
11. Comparison of Algorithms 461
11.1 Introduction 461
11.2 Recap of the Precision Processing Algorithms 461
11.3 Comparison of Processing Functions 463
11.4 Summary of Processing Errors 466
11.5 Computation Load 473
11.6 Pros and Cons of Each Algorithm 476
11.7 Summary 479
III Doppler Parameter Estimation 481
12. Doppler Centroid Estimation 483
12.1 Introduction 483
12.2 Doppler Centroid Accuracy Requirements 489
12.3 Calculating Doppler Centroid from Geometry 497
12.4 Estimation of the Baseband Centroid from Received Data 504
12.5 Estimation of the Doppler Ambiguity from Received Data 514
12.6 Principles of the Global Estimation Procedure 539
12.7 Surface Fitting Approaches 543
12.8 Summary 549
References 550
Appendix 12A Details of the Doppler Calculation 553
Appendix 12B The Offset Frequency in DAR Algorithms 561
13. Azimuth FM Rate Estimation 567
13.1 Introduction 567
13.2 Azimuth FM Rate Accuracy Requirements 567
13.3 Geometry Models to Compute the Azimuth FM Rate 570
13.4 Estimating the Azimuth FM Rate from Data 574
13.5 Summary 584
References 586
Appendix A Radarsat Data CD 587
List of Acronyms 589
List of Symbols 593
Selected Bibliography 597
About the Authors 617
Index 619

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is of major interest to radar professionals because it allows them to obtain high-resolution images with unsurpassed clarity from satellites that take pictures of the earth's surface in all weather conditions. This cutting-edge resource offers complete how to guidance on digital processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Professionals discover precisely how this radar system works and gain an in-depth understanding of the properties of SAR data. The book explains how digital computers are used to form the focused image and provides practitioners with state-of-the-art processing algorithms that they can use for their projects. Written from a signal processing point of view, this authoritative volume can be fully understood by professionals and students with a general electrical engineering background.