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Chapter Page
List of Illustrations 9
List of Maps 11
Important Dates 13
Preface 15
1. Ambushed! 25
2. Creation of the Legend 30
3. History and Archaeology of the Battle 37
4. Augustus: Rome's First Emperor 56
5. Varus and the Frontier 80
6. Arminius: The Native Hero 105
7. Warfare in Early Roman Europe: Prelude to the Battle 125
8. The Battle 161
9. The Horror: Death on the Battlefield 177
10. The Victors' Celebrations 186
11. The Immediate Outcome 200
12. The Meaning of the Battle 213
Appendixes
1. How an Archaeological Site Is Formed 221
2. Roman Weapons Found at the Kalkriese Battle Site 222
3. Museums, Roman Remains, and Archaeological Parks 223
Sources and Suggestions for Further Reading 227
Acknowledgments 239
Illustration Credits 241
Index 243

In AD 9, a Roman traitor led an army of barbarians who trapped and then slaughtered three entire Roman legions: 20,000 men, half the Roman army in Europe. If not for this battle, the Roman Empire would surely have expanded to the Elbe River, and probably eastward into present-day Russia. But after this defeat, the shocked Romans ended all efforts to expand beyond the Rhine, which became the fixed border between Rome and Germania for the next 400 years, and which remains the cultural border between Latin western Europe and Germanic central and eastern Europe today.

This fascinating narrative introduces us to the key protagonists: the emperor Augustus, the most powerful of the Caesars; his general Varus, who was the wrong man in the wrong place; and the barbarian leader Arminius, later celebrated as the first German hero. In graphic detail, based on recent archaeological finds, the author leads the reader through the mud, blood, and decimation that was the Battle of Teutoburg Forest.