추가 적립 안내

- 독자대상 : 임용고시시험 준비생
- 구성 및 특징 :
① 최근 경향 반영
② 학습 내용 체계적으로 구성

모든 책은 그것을 쓴 목적이 있으며, 그 목적에 부합하는 독자를 갖기 마련이다. 이 책도 마찬가지인데, 중등 교사 선발을 위한 1차 시험에 출제 범위 안에 있는 도덕윤리 이론을 체계적이고 집약적으로 정리하여 제시하는 것이 이 책의 목적이고, 그 시험의 합격을 위해 준비하는 예비교사 수험생들이 독자들이다. 따라서 윤리 사상과 관련된 인문학적 교양을 쌓거나 학문적 탐구를 위해 이 책을 보는 것은 그리 큰 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.

이 책은 분명한 목적을 가지고 특정한 독자들을 대상으로 기획되었기에 그 내용과 구성도 철저히 거기에 맞추어 이루어졌음을 먼저 밝혀둔다. 이 책의 목차와 내용은 교육 과정 평가원이 제시하는 도덕윤리 평가 영역 및 평가 내용 요소의 항목을 고려하여 구성하였다. 도덕윤리 1차 임용시험에서 다루는 평가 영역은 크게 교과교육론, 서양사상, 동양·한국 사상, 사회·정치사상·통일 교육론의 네 영역으로 나눌 수 있다. 시험의 체제가 바뀐 최근 7년 동안은 각 영역별로 20점 내외의 배점에 맞추어 출제되었다. 이 책은 네 영역 가운데 서양 윤리 사상의 영역에 해당하는 주요 사상가와 그들의 이론을 정리하였다. 목차 및 구성은 되도록 교육 과정 평가원의 항목과 5종 교과서의 체제에 따랐으며, 중요한 비교 대상이 되는 사상가나 주제들에 대해서는 그 중요도에 따라 별도의 세부 목차를 구성하기도 했다.

여타 교과목과 달리 도덕윤리 과목은 내용에 대한 맹목적 암기가 효과적이지 않으며, 그렇다고 완전한 이해를 추구하기에는 그 내용의 난이도가 만만치 않다. 특히 원전을 중심으로 시험이 출제되기 때문에 원전에 대한 일종의 독해 훈련이 되어 있지 않으면 이론을 숙지한다고 해도 시험에 대응하는데 있어서 낭패를 보기 십상이다. 따라서 이 책에서 지향하는 가장 핵심적인 목표는 수험생들이 임용 시험에서 제시되는 지문, 즉 동서양의 고전이나 관련 저술에 대한 독해력을 향상시키고 그 요지를 정확히 숙지하게 하는데 있다. 이를 바탕으로 각 사상가의 주요 사상과 타 사상가와의 차별성과 공통점을 비교하면서 임용 시험의 전체적인 경향과 답안 작성 패턴을 자연스럽게 습득하는 것도 기대하고 있다.

2020년부터 1차 전공 시험에서 10점 논술형과 5점 서술형 문항이 폐지되고, 기존의 2점 기입형과 4점 서술형으로 문제의 유형이 개편되었다. 이에 맞추어 최근의 출제 경향은 문제 안에서 다수의 기입을 요구하고, 이를 바탕으로 서술을 요구하는

유형의 문제들이 대폭 증가하였다. 따라서 괄호나 밑줄 친 내용에 대해 정확하게 답하지 못하면 서술 점수도 얻지 못하는 상황을 겪게 된다. 이전 시험 체제에서도 중요한 사항이기는 했지만, 임용 시험에서 요구하는 적절한 용어와 개념을 답안에 정확하게 기재하는데 무엇보다 신경 써야 한다. 아울러 서술의 경우에도 관련 없는 내용을 쓸데없이 덧붙이지 말고, 문제에서 요구하는 핵심적인 내용만 정확하고 간결하게 쓰는 것이 강조되고 있다. 이 책에서 각 사상가의 주요 이론들의 의의와 특징을 기술함에 있어서 문단 형태를 지양하고, 철저하게 두세 줄 이내의 문장으로 분절하여 제시한 것은 최근의 이러한 출제 경향과 채점 성향에 맞춘 전략이라고 할 수 있다.

이 책은 수험서이며 전략적인 구성과 서술을 하고 있기 때문에 경우에 따라 논리의 비약이나 불친절한 설명이 있을 수밖에 없다. 수험생들에게 이 점에 대해 이해를 구하며, 검토와 보완을 통해 개선해 나갈 것을 약속드린다. 아울러 출제의 경향이나 교과 과정의 개정에 맞추어 책의 구성과 내용은 지속적으로 변화될 것으로 예상된다. 모쪼록 이 책이 불철주야 노심초사하며 시험공부에 매진하고 있는 예비교사 수험생 여러분들의 고단함을 덜어주기를 바라며, 출간하기까지 애써주신 관계자 분들과 사랑하는 가족들에게 다시 한 번 깊은 감사의 마음 전한다.

제 0 장 서양 윤리 사상의 흐름과 특징 ················································· 1
1. 서양 윤리 사상의 흐름 ················································································ 1
2. 서양 윤리 사상의 특징 ················································································ 3
3. 서양 윤리 사상의 양대 축: 헬레니즘과 헤브라이즘 ······························ 4
제 1 장 소피스트와 소크라테스의 윤리 사상 ········································ 7
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ························································································ 7
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ······································································································· 25
1. 소피스트의 윤리 사상 ················································································ 25
2. 소크라테스의 윤리 사상 ············································································ 28
제 2 장 플라톤의 윤리 사상 ································································ 32
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ······················································································ 32
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ······································································································· 47
1. 이성과 이상주의 ························································································· 47
2. 존재론과 인식론 ························································································· 47
3. 덕론 ·············································································································· 53
4. 이상국가와 철인 정치 사상 ······································································ 58
5. 소크라테스, 플라톤의 지덕론과 지행론 ·················································· 59
제 3 장 아리스토텔레스의 윤리 사상 ················································· 61
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ······················································································ 61
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ······································································································· 81
1. 목적론과 행복 ····························································································· 81
2. 영혼의 두 측면: 이성과 욕구 ··································································· 83
3. 탁월성으로서의 덕 ······················································································ 86
4. 행위의 책임 ································································································· 99
5. 자제력의 문제 ··························································································· 102
6. 쾌락과 관조 ······························································································· 106
제 4 장 에피쿠로스학파의 윤리 사상 ··············································· 110
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 110
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 125
1. 에피쿠로스학파의 윤리 사상의 개요 ····················································· 125
2. 인식론과 형이상학 ··················································································· 125
3. 최고선으로서의 쾌락 ················································································ 127
4. 개인과 사회의 관계 ················································································· 131
5. 죽음과 신의 공포에 대한 비합리성 ······················································· 132
제 5 장 스토아학파의 윤리 사상 ······················································· 137
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 137
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ···························································

제 0 장 서양 윤리 사상의 흐름과 특징 ················································· 1
1. 서양 윤리 사상의 흐름 ················································································ 1
2. 서양 윤리 사상의 특징 ················································································ 3
3. 서양 윤리 사상의 양대 축: 헬레니즘과 헤브라이즘 ······························ 4
제 1 장 소피스트와 소크라테스의 윤리 사상 ········································ 7
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ························································································ 7
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ······································································································· 25
1. 소피스트의 윤리 사상 ················································································ 25
2. 소크라테스의 윤리 사상 ············································································ 28
제 2 장 플라톤의 윤리 사상 ································································ 32
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ······················································································ 32
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ······································································································· 47
1. 이성과 이상주의 ························································································· 47
2. 존재론과 인식론 ························································································· 47
3. 덕론 ·············································································································· 53
4. 이상국가와 철인 정치 사상 ······································································ 58
5. 소크라테스, 플라톤의 지덕론과 지행론 ·················································· 59
제 3 장 아리스토텔레스의 윤리 사상 ················································· 61
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ······················································································ 61
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ·································································································································· 152
1. 스토아학파의 윤리 사상의 개요 ···························································· 152
2. 형이상학: 필연성의 세계 ········································································ 152
3. 행복과 부동심 ··························································································· 153
4. 인간의 자유 ······························································································· 155
5. 세계 시민 주의 ························································································· 157
제 6 장 아우구스티누스의 윤리 사상 ··············································· 159
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 159
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 174
1. 아우구스티누스의 윤리 사상의 개요 ····················································· 174

2. 최고선으로서의 신 ··················································································· 174
3. 덕과 행복 ··································································································· 175
4. 이성과 신앙 ······························································································· 176
5. 조명 ············································································································ 177
6. 사랑 ············································································································ 178
7. 두 개의 국가 ····························································································· 179
8. 선악 ············································································································ 181
9. 주의주의 ··································································
··············· 81
1. 목적론과 행복 ····························································································· 81
2. 영혼의 두 측면: 이성과 욕구 ··································································· 83
3. 탁월성으로서의 덕 ······················································································ 86
4. 행위의 책임 ································································································· 99
5. 자제력의 문제 ··························································································· 102
6. 쾌락과 관조 ······························································································· 106
제 4 장 에피쿠로스학파의 윤리 사상 ··············································· 110
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 110
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 125
1. 에피쿠로스학파의 윤리 사상의 개요 ····················································· 125
2. 인식론과 형이상학 ··················································································· 125
3. 최고선으로서의 쾌락 ················································································ 127
4. 개인과 사회의 관계 ················································································· 131
5. 죽음과 신의 공포에 대한 비합리성 ······················································· 132
제 5 장 스토아학파의 윤리 사상 ······················································· 137
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 137
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 152
1. 스토아학파의 윤리 사상의 개요 ···························································· 152
2. 형이상학: 필연성의 세계 ········································································ 152
3. 행복과 부동심 ························································ 183
제 7 장 아퀴나스의 윤리 사상 ·························································· 184
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 184
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 200
1. 철학과 신학 ······························································································· 200
2. 신의 존재와 행복 ····················································································· 201
3. 법의 종류 ··································································································· 203
4. 자연법사상 ································································································· 203
5. 이성과 자유의지 ······················································································· 206
6. 덕의 본성과 종류 ····················································································· 207
7. 선악과 도덕적 인식 ················································································· 209
제 8 장 스피노자의 윤리 사상 ·························································· 212
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 212
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 228
1. 형이상학과 인식론 ··················································································· 228
2. 감정과 행복 ······························································································· 231

3. 선과 악 ······································································································ 241
제 9 장 데이비드 흄의 윤리 사상 ·················································
······································································ 153
4. 인간의 자유 ······························································································· 155
5. 세계 시민 주의 ························································································· 157
제 6 장 아우구스티누스의 윤리 사상 ··············································· 159
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 159
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 174
1. 아우구스티누스의 윤리 사상의 개요 ····················································· 174

2. 최고선으로서의 신 ··················································································· 174
3. 덕과 행복 ··································································································· 175
4. 이성과 신앙 ······························································································· 176
5. 조명 ············································································································ 177
6. 사랑 ············································································································ 178
7. 두 개의 국가 ····························································································· 179
8. 선악 ············································································································ 181
9. 주의주의 ····································································································· 183
제 7 장 아퀴나스의 윤리 사상 ·························································· 184
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 184
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 200
1. 철학과 신학 ···································
···························································· 200
2. 신의 존재와 행복 ····················································································· 201
3. 법의 종류 ··································································································· 203
4. 자연법사상 ································································································· 203
5. 이성과 자유의지 ······················································································· 206
6. 덕의 본성과 종류 ····················································································· 207
7. 선악과 도덕적 인식 ················································································· 209
제 8 장 스피노자의 윤리 사상 ·························································· 212
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 212
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 228
1. 형이상학과 인식론 ··················································································· 228
2. 감정과 행복 ······························································································· 231

3. 선과 악 ······································································································ 241
제 9 장 데이비드 흄의 윤리 사상 ····················································· 243
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 243
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 259
1. 이성과 정념 ······························································································· 259
2. 도덕의 기초 ······························································································· 263
제 10 장 임마누엘 칸트의 윤리 사상 ··············································· ···· 243
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 243
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 259
1. 이성과 정념 ······························································································· 259
2. 도덕의 기초 ······························································································· 263
제 10 장 임마누엘 칸트의 윤리 사상 ··············································· 272
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 272
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 293
1. 도덕적 행위와 선의지 ·············································································· 293
2. 의무 ············································································································ 296
3. 도덕법칙 ····································································································· 298
4. 도덕과 행복 ······························································································· 305
5. 윤리설 비판 ······························································································· 308
제 11 장 공리주의 윤리 사상: 벤담과 밀 ······································· 315
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 315
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 335
1. 벤담의 윤리 사상 ····················································································· 335
2. 밀의 윤리 사상 ························································································· 344
제 12 장 실존주의의 윤리 사상: 키에르케고르, 하이데거, 야스퍼스, 사르트르 ············································································· 359
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 359
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 375
1. 실존주의 윤리 사상의 개요 ···································································· 375

2. 키르케고르의 윤리 사상 ·········································································· 375
3. 하이데거의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 381
4. 사르트르의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 389
5. 야스퍼스의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 393
제 13 장 실용주의의 윤리 사상: 퍼스, 제임스, 듀이 ···················· 398
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 398
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 412
1. 퍼스와 제임스의 윤리 사상 ···································································· 412
2. 듀이의 윤리 사상 ····················································································· 413
272
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 272
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 293
1. 도덕적 행위와 선의지 ·············································································· 293
2. 의무 ············································································································ 296
3. 도덕법칙 ····································································································· 298
4. 도덕과 행복 ······························································································· 305
5. 윤리설 비판 ······························································································· 308
제 11 장 공리주의 윤리 사상: 벤담과 밀 ······································· 315
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 315
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 335
1. 벤담의 윤리 사상 ····················································································· 335
2. 밀의 윤리 사상 ························································································· 344
제 12 장 실존주의의 윤리 사상: 키에르케고르, 하이데거, 야스퍼스, 사르트르 ············································································· 359
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 359
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 375
1. 실존주의 윤리 사상의 개요 ···································································· 375

2. 키르케고르의 윤리 사상 ·········································································· 375
3. 하이데거의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 381
4
. 사르트르의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 389
5. 야스퍼스의 윤리 사상 ·············································································· 393
제 13 장 실용주의의 윤리 사상: 퍼스, 제임스, 듀이 ···················· 398
▼ 교과서 핵심 용어와 서술 체크 ···················································································· 398
▼ 실전 대비 핵심 이론 ····································································································· 412
1. 퍼스와 제임스의 윤리 사상 ···································································· 412
2. 듀이의 윤리 사상 ····················································································· 413

모든 책은 그것을 쓴 목적이 있으며, 그 목적에 부합하는 독자를 갖기 마련이다. 이 책도 마찬가지인데, 중등 교사 선발을 위한 1차 시험에 출제 범위 안에 있는 도덕윤리 이론을 체계적이고 집약적으로 정리하여 제시하는 것이 이 책의 목적이고, 그 시험의 합격을 위해 준비하는 예비교사 수험생들이 독자들이다. 따라서 윤리 사상과 관련된 인문학적 교양을 쌓거나 학문적 탐구를 위해 이 책을 보는 것은 그리 큰 도움이 되지 않을 것이다.

이 책은 분명한 목적을 가지고 특정한 독자들을 대상으로 기획되었기에 그 내용과 구성도 철저히 거기에 맞추어 이루어졌음을 먼저 밝혀둔다. 이 책의 목차와 내용은 교육 과정 평가원이 제시하는 도덕윤리 평가 영역 및 평가 내용 요소의 항목을 고려하여 구성하였다. 도덕윤리 1차 임용시험에서 다루는 평가 영역은 크게 교과교육론, 서양사상, 동양·한국 사상, 사회·정치사상·통일 교육론의 네 영역으로 나눌 수 있다. 시험의 체제가 바뀐 최근 7년 동안은 각 영역별로 20점 내외의 배점에 맞추어 출제되었다. 이 책은 네 영역 가운데 서양 윤리 사상의 영역에 해당하는 주요 사상가와 그들의 이론을 정리하였다. 목차 및 구성은 되도록 교육 과정 평가원의 항목과 5종 교과서의 체제에 따랐으며, 중요한 비교 대상이 되는 사상가나 주제들에 대해서는 그 중요도에 따라 별도의 세부 목차를 구성하기도 했다.

여타 교과목과 달리 도덕윤리 과목은 내용에 대한 맹목적 암기가 효과적이지 않으며, 그렇다고 완전한 이해를 추구하기에는 그 내용의 난이도가 만만치 않다. 특히 원전을 중심으로 시험이 출제되기 때문에 원전에 대한 일종의 독해 훈련이 되어 있지 않으면 이론을 숙지한다고 해도 시험에 대응하는데 있어서 낭패를 보기 십상이다. 따라서 이 책에서 지향하는 가장 핵심적인 목표는 수험생들이 임용 시험에서 제시되는 지문, 즉 동서양의 고전이나 관련 저술에 대한 독해력을 향상시키고 그 요지를 정확히 숙지하게 하는데 있다. 이를 바탕으로 각 사상가의 주요 사상과 타 사상가와의 차별성과 공통점을 비교하면서 임용 시험의 전체적인 경향과 답안 작성 패턴을 자연스럽게 습득하는 것도 기대하고 있다.

2020년부터 1차 전공 시험에서 10점 논술형과 5점 서술형 문항이 폐지되고, 기존의 2점 기입형과 4점 서술형으로 문제의 유형이 개편되었다. 이에 맞추어 최근의 출제 경향은 문제 안에서 다수의 기입을 요구하고, 이를 바탕으로 서술을 요구하는

유형의 문제들이 대폭 증가하였다. 따라서 괄호나 밑줄 친 내용에 대해 정확하게 답하지 못하면 서술 점수도 얻지 못하는 상황을 겪게 된다. 이전 시험 체제에서도 중요한 사항이기는 했지만, 임용 시험에서 요구하는 적절한 용어와 개념을 답안에 정확하게 기재하는데 무엇보다 신경 써야 한다. 아울러 서술의 경우에도 관련 없는 내용을 쓸데없이 덧붙이지 말고, 문제에서 요구하는 핵심적인 내용만 정확하고 간결하게 쓰는 것이 강조되고 있다. 이 책에서 각 사상가의 주요 이론들의 의의와 특징을 기술함에 있어서 문단 형태를 지양하고, 철저하게 두세 줄 이내의 문장으로 분절하여 제시한 것은 최근의 이러한 출제 경향과 채점 성향에 맞춘 전략이라고 할 수 있다.

이 책은 수험서이며 전략적인 구성과 서술을 하고 있기 때문에 경우에 따라 논리의 비약이나 불친절한 설명이 있을 수밖에 없다. 수험생들에게 이 점에 대해 이해를 구하며, 검토와 보완을 통해 개선해 나갈 것을 약속드린다. 아울러 출제의 경향이나 교과 과정의 개정에 맞추어 책의 구성과 내용은 지속적으로 변화될 것으로 예상된다. 모쪼록 이 책이 불철주야 노심초사하며 시험공부에 매진하고 있는 예비교사 수험생 여러분들의 고단함을 덜어주기를 바라며, 출간하기까지 애써주신 관계자 분들과 사랑하는 가족들에게 다시 한 번 깊은 감사의 마음 전한다.