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    Chapter 01 Language Acquisition Theories
    ¥°. Behavioural Approaches 16
    1. Basic Theories 16
    2. Behavioural approaches-applied Methodology:audiolingual Method 16
    3. Teaching Rationales in Audiolinguialism 16
    4. Contrastive Analysis 17
    ¥±. Nativist approaches 17
    1. Basic Theories 17
    2. Poverty-of-the-stimulus 18
    3. Learning Conditions 18
    4. Teaching Implications 19
    5. Error Analysis 20
    6. Development stage of Interlanguage 21
    7. Markedness Differential Hypothesis 21
    ¥². Functional approaches 22
    1. Functions 22
    2. Communicative competence 23
    3. Language competence (Bachman) 23
    4. Language Functions 24
    5. Speech Acts (John Austin, 1962) 24
    6. Constructivism Psychology 30
    7. Sociocultural theory (Vygotsky) 30
    ¥³. Discourse Analysis 33
    1. Coherence 33
    2. Cohesion 34
    3. Pragmatics 41
    4. Genre analysis 42
    5. Register 44
    ¥´. Conversation Analysis 45
    1. Turn Taking 45
    2. Adjacency pairs 46
    3. Working on appropriacy 47
    4. Preference organization 47

    Chapter 02 Second Language Acquisition Models
    ¥°. Input Hypothesis 50
    1. Role of Input 50
    2. Monitor Model; Input hypothesis 50
    3. Comprehension-based approaches 51
    4. Incidental vs. Intentional learning 51
    ¥±. Cognitive Accounts of SLA 52
    1. The Role of Consciousness 52
    2. Comprehensible Output Hypothesis 53
    3. Schmidt¡¯s Noticing hypothesis 55
    4. McLaughlin¡¯s Information-processing model 56
    5. Bialystok¡¯s Implicit-explicit model 57
    6. R. Ellis¡¯ Weak Interface Model 57
    7. Cognitive approaches to address the difficulty in L2 learning 59
    8. ÀÎÁöÁÖÀÇ ±â¹Ý ±³¼ö¹ý (Shallow-end CLT£ºPPP models) 59
    ¥². Interaction Hypothesis 60
    1. General Concepts 60
    2. The Early Version of the IH 60
    3. The later version of the IH 62
    4. Negotiation of meaning 63

    Chapter 03 Approaches and Methodologies
    ¥°. Traditional approaches 68
    1. Grammar-translation method (Written/deductive approach) 68
    2. The Direct method (Oral/inductive approach) 68
    3. The Reading Approach (Written/deductive approach) 69
    4. The Audiolingual method (Oral/inductive approach) 69
    ¥±. Innovative Approaches (£½The Designer Methods) 73
    1. Affective-humanistic approaches 73
    2. Comprehension-based approaches 75

    Chapter 04 Curriculum Planning
    ¥°. Processes of Curriculum Planning 94
    1. Articulating guiding principles 94
    2. Analyzing contextual factors 94
    3. Assessing learner needs 94
    4. Determining program goals 95
    5. Deciding and organizing program content 95
    6. Designing an assessment plan 95
    ¥±. Syllabus Design 96
    1. Processes of designing a syllabus 96
    ¥². Syllabus types 98
    1. Grammatical (structural) syllabuses 98
    2. Notional-functional syllabus 98
    3. Task-based syllabus 98
    4. Content-based syllabus 99
    5. Skills-based approaches 99
    6. Lexical syllabus 99
    7. Genre or text-based syllabus 100
    8. Project-based language learning 100

    Chapter 05 Learner Variables
    ¥°. Cognitive style 102
    1. Field dependence (Field sensitivity) vs. Field independence 102
    2. Left- vs. Right-brain dominance 102
    3. Tolerance of ambiguity (Ambiguity tolerance) 102
    4. Reflective vs. Impulsive 103
    ¥±. Personality Factors 104
    1. Self-esteem 104
    2. Inhibition 104
    3. Risk-taking 104
    4. Willingness to communicate 105
    5. Anxiety 105
    6. Empathy 105
    7. Extroversion vs. Introversion 106
    8. Motivation and Orientation 106
    ¥². Sociocultural factors 107
    1. Á¦2¹®È­ ½Àµæ; ¹®È­ º¯¿ë (Second culture acquisition; acculturation) 107
    2. »çȸÀû °Å¸® (Social distance; Schumann¡¯s hypothesis) 107
    3. The Whorfian Hypotheis (Linguistic determinism) 107
    4. Teaching intercultural competence 108
    5. Language policy and politics 108
    ¥³. Strategies 110
    1. Learning strategies 110
    2. Communication strategies 111
    3. Direct/indirect strategies (Rebecca L. Oxford) 112
    4. Autonomy, awareness, and action 115

    Chapter 06 Receptive Skills
    ¥°. Comprehension processing 116
    1. Bottom-up processing 116
    2. Top-down processing 116
    3. Schema theory 117
    4. Students¡¯ limitations in information processing 118
    ¥±. Listening Skills 119
    1. Process of Listening 119
    2. Listening skills and strategies 120
    3. Listening strategies (Lynch 2004) 120
    4. Cognitive processes of listening 122
    5. Understanding the processing of listening/reading(¡æ Awareness on strategies during the learning process) 124
    6. Metacognitive pedagogical sequence for listening 124
    7. Comprehension monitoring in reading 126
    8. Listening Activities 128
    9. Important Pedagogical Considerations in Teaching Listening and Reading 130
    10. A typology of listening tasks 131
    11. Psychosocial functions of listening 133
    12. Comprehension question types 133
    ¥². Reading Strategies 134
    1. Types of reading strategies 134
    2. Reading Strategies:Skimming and Scanning 135
    3. Promoting both intensive and extensive listening/reading 136
    4. Opportunities for Personalization 137
    5. Making listening/reading a task-based activity 137
    6. The use of authentic materials 139

    Chapter 07 Productive Skills
    ¥°. Teaching Speaking 142
    1. The characteristics of spoken language 142
    2. Classroom Performances 143
    3. Approaches to teaching speaking 143
    4. The degree of Teacher¡¯s control on students¡¯ language use 144
    5. Communicative tasks 148
    6. Treatments of Learners¡¯ Errors 151
    7. Opportunity for self-repair 154
    8. Principles in giving feedback (¡®When¡¯ and ¡®How¡¯ to provide feedback) 155
    9. The factors that affect learners¡¯ speaking (Speech conditions) 157
    10. How to motivate students to speak up 158
    ¥±. Teaching Pronunciation 159
    1. Teaching Procedures£º 159
    2. Practicing segmental features vs. suprasegmental features 160
    ¥². Teaching Writing 162
    1. Approaches to teaching writing 162
    2. Teaching procedure based on a process-oriented approach 163
    3. Techniques for Writing 166
    4. Principles in giving feedback for students¡¯ work 168
    ¥³. Guided Writing 169
    1. Story tasks 169
    2. Story reconstruction 170
    3. Dictogloss 171

    Chapter 08 Technology in Language Teaching and Learning
    ¥°. Computer-mediated communication (CMC) 174
    ¥±. Forms of computer-mediated communication 174
    1. Text chat 174
    2. MOOs 175
    3. Email 175
    4. Forums and bulletin boards 175
    5. Video-conferencing 175
    6. Virtual Learning Environments (VLEs) 176
    ¥². Creating and Using Your Own Resources 176
    1. Blogs 176
    2. Wikis 176
    3. Websites 177

    Chapter 09 Teaching Vocabulary
    ¥°. Word Knowledge 180
    1. What does it mean to know a word? 180
    2. How is our work knowledge organized? 180
    3. How is vocabulary learned? 181
    4. How are words remembered? 181
    ¥±. A historical look at vocabulary instruction 183
    ¥². Intentional learning vs. Incidental learning 184
    1. Intentional learning 184
    2. Incidental learning 184
    ¥³. Selecting the words to be taught 184
    1. Word frequency 184
    2. Salience in course content 185
    3. Corpus use 186
    ¥´. Classroom Activities for Vocabulary Teaching 186
    1. Word-learning activities 186
    2. Sentence-level activities 188
    3. Discourse-level activities 188

    Chapter 10 Form-focused Instruction (FFI)
    1. Theoretical Approaches in Teaching Form 190
    2. Two Approaches to Teaching Grammar (FFI taxonomies and definitions) 192
    3. ¹®¹ýÀÇ ±¸Àΰú ¹®¹ýÁöµµ »óȲÀÇ Àû¿ë 194
    4. Three components from the cognitive model of second language acquisition 195
    5. Tasks informed by a focus-on-form approach 197
    6. ÀÎÁöÀû ÇнÀ¿ø¸® Àû¿ë 202
    7. Types of negative feedback 203
    8. Two Types of uptake following negative feedback 205

    Chapter 11 Language Assessment
    ¥°. Test Conditions (What makes a good test?) 208
    1. Reliability 208
    2. Validity 213
    3. Authenticity 219
    4. Washback 220
    5. Practicality 220
    ¥±. Types of Testing 221
    1. Norm-referenced vs. Criterion-referenced 221
    2. Direct test tasks vs. Indirect test tasks 221
    3. Discrete-point, Integrative and communicative tests 221
    4. Formative vs. summative tests 223
    5. Testing Items by Purposes 224
    6. Selected-response tasks vs. constructed-response tasks(Test tasks formats) 225
    7. Commonly Used Task Formats 226
    ¥². Multiple-Choice Questions (MCQ) 227
    1. Item writing and moderation 227
    2. Item moderation and writing Items 228
    ¥³. Pre-testing:Item Analysis 236
    1. Item Facility 237
    2. Item discrimination 237
    3. Distractor efficiency 237
    4. Item analysis of test data 241
    ¥´. Scoring Methods 245
    1. Holistic scoring scales 245
    2. Analytic scoring scales 246

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