추가 적립 안내

이 책은 헝가리어에 반영되어 있는 이러한 역사적 자취를 살펴봄과 동시에 외국어 학습에서 문법에 비해 상대적으로 덜 어려워 보이는 어휘가 헝가리어에서는 체계적으로 공부할 가치가 있음을 강조하기 위한 것이다. 헝가리어 문법서들에서도 조어론은 형태론의 일부로 간략하게 다뤄지고 있다. 이는 문법범주를 나타내는 접사나 파생접사가 동일하게 형태론적 규칙에 따라 작동하고 있기 때문이고 이러한 접사들의 구분은 배열순서에 의해서나 구분되기 때문이다. 모국어 화자들에게 어휘는 그 체계를 분석하고 이해해야 하는 대상이 아니고 끝없는 학습과 사용을 통해 습득되는 분야이기 때문에 대부분의 헝가리 문법에서는 조어 요소들의 의미와 결합 방식을 간략하게 설명하는 정도로만 다뤄지고 있다. 외국어로서 헝가리어를 배우는 입장에서는 조어 방법을 이해하는 것에서 나아가 실제 만들어진 단어들의 유형과 의미 그리고 연속파생 가능성 등을 확인하고 사용할 수 있도록 학습하는 것이 좋다.

머리말

1. 언어는 변한다

언어를 구성하는 소리(음성)도 변하고 이를 부려서 쓰는 문법도 변한다. 그러나 가장 많이 변하는 것은 어휘이다. 여기서 변한다는 것은 있던 것의 변화를 뜻하는 것뿐만 아니라 새로 생겨나고 소멸되는 모든 현상을 포함한다. 언어의 변화에서 가장 많이 지속적으로 변하는 것이 어휘이다. 이는 두말할 필요도 없이 인간의 삶과 밀접한 환경의 변화, 문화, 과학, 정치, 경제 모든 영역을 아우르는 환경이 끊임없이 변하고 있기 때문일 것이다.

2. 언어의 변화는 경제 원리에 따른다

언어마다 소위 발음규칙으로 설명하는 음성 현상들이 있다. 입안에서 소리를 만들어 내는 혀의 움직임을 최소화하면서 정확히 전달하도록 하려는 노력으로 헝가리어의 경우 모음조화 현상이나 자음동화 현상 등이 있다. 문법에 있어서의 변화도 불필요한 요소, 불규칙한 현상들을 최소화하고 단순한 체계와 규칙을 이루는 방향으로 진행된다. 다시 말하면 언어도 어떻게 하면 최소의 힘을 들여 최대한의 효과를 낼 수 있는 가하는 소위 ‘경제 원리’에 충실한 방향으로 변화를 해 왔다.
어휘란 끊임없이 변화하는 환경에 예민하게 반응하는 영역이다. 새로운 환경에 필요한 개념을 표현하는 단어를 만들어내야 하는 한편, 더 이상 필요하지 않은 단어들은 폐기된다. 따라서 어휘에 있어서 규칙과 체계를 찾거나 만들려는 노력은 불가능하거니와 적합하지 않다. 언어적 자의성이 기본적으로 전제되어있기 때문이다. 이러한 자의적 특징에도 불구하고 새로운 단어를 만들어서 사용하는 데에는 경제원리가 작동한다. 가능한 한 새로운 요소를 줄이고, 기존의 요소들을 활용하고자 하는 ‘재활용’의 정신이다. 이미 있는 단어를 일부 변형하거나, 단어들을 조합하여 새로운 개념의 단어를 만드는 것이 그것이다. 이는 모든 언어에서 나타나는 보편적인 단어 만드는 방법인 것이고 이를 언어학에서 조어법, 또는 단어형성법이라고 한다.

3. 헝가리어 조어법의 현란함과 생성력에 대하여

기존의 단어를 활용하여 새로운 단어를 만드는 방법에서 기본적으로 중요한 전제는 기존의 어휘가 풍부하고 이를 변형시킬 수 있는 요소들이 많아야 한다. 빈약한 어휘와 빈약한 파생접사를 가지고는 활용할 수 있는 방법이 많지 않다. 또한 빈약한 어휘를 결합하여 새 단어를 만드는 방식도 극히 제한적이다. 빈약한 어휘를 늘리는 방식은 파생접사에 의해 변형된 새 단어가 또 하나의 어기가 되어 파생접사에 의해 변형되는 연속적으로 새 단어를 만드는 것이다. 이를 위해서는 변형의 재료인 파생접사가 풍부해야 한다. 헝가리어 조어법의 현란함은 파생접사의 수와 종류가 많고(120여 개), 기존 단어와의 결합 방식도 다양하고 자유분방하다는 데 있다. 인간 삶의 가장 원초적인 개념인 ‘존재하다’를 뜻하는 헝가리 동사 van 에서 파생과 합성된 단어들을 예로 들어본다:

동사 van‘존재하다, 있다’
형용사적 분사형 valo‘존재하는, 있는’
형용사 valo‘사실의, 진짜인’ a valo tortenet‘사실, 진짜 이야기’
명사 valo‘현실’ alom es valo‘꿈과 현실’
부사 valoban‘실로, 참으로’ valojaban‘원래, 사실은’
파생어 valodi‘진짜의’ nem valodi‘가짜의, 모조의’,
valodi tortszam‘진분수’
valodisag‘진리, 참, 신빙성’
valosag‘사실, 현실’ a nyers valosag‘적나라한 사실’,
valosaggal‘확실히’
valosagos‘실제의’ valosagos csoda‘실제 기적’
valotlan‘사실이 아닌 valotlan hir‘헛소문’
valotlansag’사실무근’
합성어: valoszeru‘사실에 입각한’
valoszeruseg‘진실같음, 있을법함’
valoszerutlen‘비현실적인, 사실에 맞지 않는’
valoszinu‘개연성 있는, 있을법한’
valoszinuseg‘개연성’
valoszinuleg‘아마도 분명히’
valoszinutlen‘거의 불가능한’

4. ‘헝가리어 어휘와 조어법’을 펴내며

헝가리어를 공부하면서 동쪽의 유목민족, 기마민족의 언어가 유럽의 한복판에서 1500년의 세월을 버텨내며 헝가리 민족의 정체성과 자존심의 근원이 되고 있는 이유가 풍부한 어휘에 있다고 생각한다. 그러나 이상하게도 일반 언어학 또는 언어학사를 다룬 책들에서 헝가리어에 대한 언급은 매우 드물다. 예를들어 21세기 초에 나온 세계사를 언어의 관점에서 기술한 책인 Empires of the word ‘단어의 제국’에서 헝가리어는 단 한번 각주에서 언급될 뿐 세계의 언어에서 그 존재는 아주 미미하다 . 왜 그럴까? 헝가리 민족은 유럽인들에게는 유라시아 대륙의 동쪽에서 이동해 온 유목민족들 중 하나로 알려져 있으나 유럽화한 민족으로 인식되기 때문일지 모른다. 유럽어들에 둘러싸여 섬처럼 고립된 헝가리어가 유럽인들에게 주목 받지 못하는 이유는 그들의 언어와 매우 다르고 그다지 중요하지 않은 작은 언어라는 사실일 것이고, 유럽의 언어학자들에게는 유럽어적 요소와 비-유럽어적 요소가 뒤섞여 있는 절충주의적 언어라는 사실일 것이다. 헝가리 민족은 인종적, 혈통적으로는 유럽 민족들에 섞여 살아오며 헝가리어도 유럽화의 과정을 겪어왔다. 헝가리어의 문법은 라틴문법의 틀에 맞게 변화해왔으며, 어휘도 여러 유럽어들과의 접촉을 통해 많은 차용어가 섞여있다. 그러나 헝가리어는 유럽어의 영향 속에서도 고유의 특성을 간직한 채 발전한 언어로서 헝가리 민족의 정체성을 규정하는 유일한 근거이자 핵심요소를 이룬다. 특히 어휘의 풍부함과 선명함은 비-유럽어의 특성에서 비롯된 헝가리어의 힘으로서 유럽의 한가운데서 오늘날까지 존재하고 있는 이유이기도 하다.
이 책의 목적은 헝가리어에 반영되어 있는 이러한 역사적 자취를 살펴봄과 동시에 외국어 학습에서 문법에 비해 상대적으로 덜 어려워 보이는 어휘가 헝가리어에서는 체계적으로 공부할 가치가 있음을 강조하기 위한 것이다.

헝가리어 문법서들에서 조어론은 형태론의 일부로 간략하게 다뤄지고 있다. 이는 문법범주를 나타내는 접사나 파생접사가 동일하게 형태론적 규칙에 따라 작동하고 있기 때문이고 이러한 접사들의 구분은 배열순서에 의해서나 구분되기 때문이다. 모국어 화자들에게 어휘는 그 체계를 분석하고 이해해야 하는 대상이 아니고 끝없는 학습과 사용을 통해 습득하는 분야이기 때문에 대부분의 헝가리 문법에서는 조어 요소들의 의미와 결합 방식을 간략하게 설명하는 정도로만 다뤄지고 있다. 외국어로서 헝가리어를 배우는 입장에서는 조어 방법을
이해하는 것에서 나아가 실제 만들어진 단어들의 유형과 의미 그리고 연속파생 가능성 등을 확인하고 사용할 수 있도록 학습하는 것이 중요하다.
헝가리어는 단어의 구조가 교착어적 특성을 갖고 있기 때문에 어근을 비롯하여 여러 형태소가 연결되어 있어 대체로 길다. 이 단어를 형태소로 분석하여 어휘적 의미를 갖고 있는 단위와 문법정보를 알려주는 접사들로 구분하는 것이 문장의 의미를 파악하는 첫 번째 단계이다. 문법접사는 그 수가 일정하고 규칙적으로 작동하기 때문에 쉽게 이해할 수 있는 반면 어휘를 이루는 어근과 파생접사들은 문법접사에 비해 그 수가 많고, 파생어나 합성어의 의미와 기능이 규칙적이거나 일관되지 않다. 따라서 각각의 단어가 어떻게 형성되고 그 의미는 어떻게 다른가 하는 것을 체계적으로 공부할 필요가 있다. 헝가리어 조어법을 공부하는 이유는 단어를 형성하는 원리와 규칙을 이해함으로써 사전을 최소한으로 사용하면서 헝가리어 텍스트를 이해하기 위한 것이다.

이 책은 한국외국어대학교 헝가리어과의 교과목 ‘헝가리어 어휘 및 조어론’의 강의록을 정리하여 펴낸 것이다. 헝가리어 발달의 역사를 어휘와 어휘체계를 통해 살펴보고, 이러한 어휘의 형성을 조어론적 관점에서 기술하고자 한 시도이다. 이 책에 예로 제시한 헝가리 단어의 대부분은 사전과 참고문헌에서 가져온 것들이지만, 각각의 단어들에 한국어 뜻을 제시하였고, 내용 기술에 있어서 추가적 설명과 변형이 포함되어 있어서 일일이 그 출처를 밝히지 못하였음을 밝혀둔다.
초고 원고의 헝가리어 부분을 한국외국어대학교의 커리즈 크리스티나 교수가 검토해 주었고, 최종 출판 원고를 부다페스트 경영대학교의 한국어 담당 교수이신 오슈바트 가보르 선생님께서 교정과 감수를 해주셨다. 이 자리를 빌어 감사의 인사를 전한다. 또한 특수한 언어에 관한 책을 출판하는데 따르는 재정적 어려움에도 불구하고 적극적으로 출판을 가능하게 해 주신 한국외국어대학교 지식출판원 관계자 여러분께 심심한 감사를 드린다. 끝으로 언제나 곁에서 인내로써 격려를 아끼지 않는 가족에게도 고마운 마음을 전한다.

2016년 8월 헝가리 페치에서 저자 씀

머리말_5

제1부 서론(bevezetes) ································································································ 19

1. 어휘와 어휘체계 ·················································································································· 21
2. 헝가리어의 기원과 어휘 구성 ······················································································ 22
3. 언어의 자의성과 조어법 ································································································· 24

제2부 헝가리어의 어휘체계(A magyar nyelv szokeszlete) ····· 27

1. 원시어휘(Az osi orokseg) ····························································································· 29

2. 차용어(kolcsonszavak) ································································································ 32
2.1. 이란어 차용어 ·············································································································· 33
2.2. 터키어 차용어 ·············································································································· 33
2.3. 슬라브어 차용어 ········································································································· 34
2.4. 독일어 차용어 ·············································································································· 36
2.5. 라틴어 차용어 ·············································································································· 37
2.6. 이탈리아어 차용어 ···································································································· 38
2.7. 프랑스어 차용어 ········································································································· 39
2.8. 루마니아어 차용어 ···································································································· 39
2.9. 국제적 유랑어휘 ········································································································· 40

3. 헝가리어 고유어휘(belso keletkezesu szavak) ················································ 42

3.1. 헝가리어 의성어와 의태어 ···················································································· 45
3.1.1. 감탄사(indulatszavak)에서 만들어진 의성어 ············································· 46
3.1.2. 소리에서 만들어진 단어: 의성어(hangutanzo szavak) ··························· 47
3.1.2.1. 의성동사 ··········································································································· 47
3.1.2.2. 의성명사 ·········································································································· 48
3.1.3. 의태어(hangfesto szavak) ················································································ 50
3.1.3.1. 의태어의 음성적, 형태적 특징 ···································································· 51
3.1.3.2. 의태어의 의미 ·································································································· 52

3.2. 근대 헝가리어 언어개혁(nyelv?j?tas) 시대의 고유어휘 ······························ 54
제3부 헝가리어 조어법(szoalkotas) ······························································· 61

1. 조어법(szoalkotas)이란 무엇인가? ········································································· 63

2. 단어와 조어법 ······················································································································· 64

3. 파생법(szokepzes) ············································································································ 66
3.1. 어기(alapszo) ·············································································································· 69
3.2. 파생접사(kepzok) ······································································································ 72
3.2.1. 파생접사의 분류 ·································································································· 72
3.2.2. 파생접사의 의미 ··································································································· 73
3.2.3. 파생접사의 형태 ·································································································· 77
3.2.4. 연속파생(kepzok halmozasa) ······································································· 79
3.2.5. 파생접사의 생산성(produktivitas)과 빈도(gyakorisag) ························· 81
3.2.6. 파생접사의 형성과 소멸 ····················································································· 84
3.2.6.1. 파생접사의 형성 ······························································································ 84
3.2.6.2. 파생접사의 소멸 ····························································································· 89

4. 헝가리어의 파생접사 ······································································································· 89
4.1. 동사 파생접사 ·············································································································· 90
4.1.1. 동사에서 동사 파생접사(deverbalis verbumkepzok): V → V ··············· 90
4.1.1.1. 반복동작 파생접사 ························································································ 91
4.1.1.2. 순간동작 파생접사 ····················································································· 101
4.1.1.3. 사동사 파생접사 ·························································································· 106
4.1.1.4. 피동의 파생접사 ·························································································· 111
4.1.1.5. 중간동사(medialis igek) 파생접사 ······················································· 111
4.1.1.6. 가능동사 파생접사 ····················································································· 116
4.1.2. 명사에서 동사 파생접사(denominalis verbumkepzok): N → V ······ 118
4.1.2.1. 동작동사 파생접사 ····················································································· 118
4.1.2.2. 사동사 파생접사 ·························································································· 124
4.1.2.3. 중간동사 파생접사 ····················································································· 126
4.1.2.4. 외래어 동사 파생접사 ··············································································· 129
4.2. 명사 파생접사 ·········································································································· 129
4.2.1. 동사에서 명사 파생접사(deverbalis nomenkepzok) ··························· 130
4.2.1.1. 동작, 사건의 추상개념 파생접사 ····························································· 130
4.2.1.2. 동작, 사건의 결과개념 파생접사 ····························································· 135
4.2.1.3. 동작의 주체, 장소개념 파생접사 ····························································· 142
4.2.2.1. 축소와 애칭의 명사 파생접사 ·································································· 145
4.2.2.2. 형용사(mellenev)에서 명사 파생접사 ·················································· 148
4.2.2.3. 실명사(fonev)에서 명사 파생접사 ························································· 149
4.2.3. 형용사 파생접사 ······························································································· 153
4.2.3.1. 동사에서 형용사 파생접사: V → Adj ····················································· 154
4.2.3.2. 품사전성(konverzio) 형용사 ································································· 157
4.2.3.3. 명사에서 형용사 파생접사: N → Adj ····················································· 160
4.2.3.4. 부정과 부재(tagado, foszto)의 형용사 파생접사 ······························ 165
4.2.3.5. 형용사에서 형용사 파생접사 ··································································· 170
4.2.3.6. 부사에서 형용사 파생: Adv → Adj ························································· 171
4.2.3.7. 복합 형용사 파생접사 ················································································ 172
4.2.3.8. 합성어의 뒷성분과 유사한 형용사 파생접사 ········································ 173
4.2.4. 수사 파생접사 ···································································································· 175

5. 합성법(sz砦sszetetelek) ··························································································· 176
5.1. 합성법의 개념과 일반적 특징 ············································································ 176
5.1.1. 합성어의 구조 ···································································································· 176
5.1.2. 다중 합성어의 구조 ·························································································· 178
5.1.3. 합성어의 품사 ···································································································· 179
5.1.4. 합성어의 의미 ···································································································· 180
5.1.5. 합성어의 강세 ···································································································· 181
5.1.6. 합성법과 파생법의 경계 ················································································· 181
5.2. 합성법의 종류 ·········································································································· 183
5.2.1. 문장 내적 합성법 ······························································································ 183
5.2.2. 문장 외적 합성법 ······························································································ 186
5.3. 합성어의 세부분석 ································································································ 187
5.3.1. 합성동사 ··········································································································· 187
5.3.2. 합성명사 ············································································································· 189
5.3.3. 합성형용사 ········································································································ 195
5.3.4. 합성부사 ············································································································ 198
5.3.5. 병렬 합성어 ········································································································ 200
5.3.5.1. 반복 합성어 ·································································································· 202
5.3.5.2. 쌍둥이 합성어 ······························································································ 203
5.3.5.3. 유사 쌍둥이 합성어 ···················································································· 205
5.3.6. 합성어 표기의 문제 ·························································································· 206

6. 그 밖의 조어법 ················································································································· 207
6.1. 단어분해법(szoelvonas) 또는 역파생법(back-formation) ·················· 208
6.2. 단어분화법(szohasadas) ·················································································· 210
6.3. 단어절단법(szocsonk?tas) ················································································ 213
6.4. 단어축약(szorovidules) ······················································································ 214
6.5. 문법접사 결합법 ····································································································· 215
6.6. 모자이크어(mozaikszok) ···················································································· 216
6.7. 단어혼합(szovegyules) ······················································································· 217
6.8. 민간어원(nepetimologia, Folk Etymology) ·············································· 217

7. 현대 헝가리어 신조어의 양상 ·················································································· 218
7.1. 파생법(szokepzes) ································································································ 218
7.2. 합성법(sz砦sszetetel) ························································································· 221

참고문헌_227

헝가리어 파생접사 찾아보기_233